Transcript Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance
1300-1600
Italy – Birthplace of the
Renaissance
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Rebirth of art and learning
Began in Italy around
1300 and later spread
North
Cities
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Crusades lead to trade and
the growth of Italian City-States
Rest of Europe still rural (people live in
country)
• The Black Death
• Fewer workers mean higher
wages (pay)
• Fewer opportunities for business
led wealthy merchants to pursue
other interests such as art
Medici
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Rich merchant (business) family
Controlled Florence
Cosimo de’Medici
Lorenzo de’Medici
(Lorenzo the
magnificent)
Big supporters of the arts
Classical Heritage
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Renaissance artists looked down on the art
and literature of the Middle Ages
Classical (ancient Greek and Rome)
Humanism –focus on humans and their
potential and feelings
Merchant Class
Leonardo Da Vinci
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Example Renaissance Man
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Painter
Sculptor
Inventor
Scientist
Raphael
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Madonna and child
School of Athens
Renaissance
Writers
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Vernacular- the language
regular people (English,
Spanish, German, etc.)
not just rich, educated
people
Machiavelli
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The Prince
A book on the best way
to be a ruler
Do whatever it takes to
get what you want
Most people are selfish
and corrupt
Machiavelli
Gutenberg Press
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Johann Gutenberg
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Invented the Printing Press in 1455
Gutenberg Bible
Other books printed in the vernacular
More books for cheaper price
Gutenberg
Spread learning
Press
The Reformation
1500-1600 (ish)
Causes of the Reformation
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Political and Social Problems
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Rulers resent Papal control
Humanism challenges church
Printing press spreads new ideas Pope Alexander VI
Northern merchants resent church taxes
Problems in the Church
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Corruption – Alexander VI had several children
Priestly obligations broken (marriage, gambling)
Early Calls for Reform
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John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
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John Wycliffe
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Savonarola
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Friar Savonarola
Pope has no right to worldly power
Bible has more authority than church
leaders
1497 – comes to Florence and calls
for reform
Florence burns worldly goods and
then a year later turn on Savronarola
and execute him for heresy
Martin Luther
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Didn’t want to lead a revolution –
just wanted to be a good Christian
Indulgences – pardon that is sold Martin Luther
95 Theses – arguments against “pardonmerchants”
Posted on the door of the castle church at
Wittenburg on October 31, 1517
Starts a Reformation
Pope takes action
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Pope excommunicates Luther
Charles V (HRE) takes Popes
side
Edict of Worms –
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Declares Luther an outlaw and a
heretic
No one in the empire is allowed
to give Luther food or shelter
All his books are to be burned
Pope Leo X
Peasants Revolt -1524
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Peasants apply Luther’s ideas to society
Demand an end to serfdom
Luther writes a pamphlet urging German
princes to show peasants no mercy
Many peasants reject Luther’s philosophy as
a result but Luther remains influential
Germany goes to War
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German princes disagree over Luther’s ideas
Some princes sign an agreement to join
forces against Luther
Other princes protest this agreement = term
Protestant
Term Protestant now refers to any noncatholic Christian
Peace of Augsberg
Henry VIII
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Catherine of Aragon
Originally a devout Catholic
Wants/Needs a male heir
Wife Catherine of Aragon
has a daughter – Mary
1527, Henry wants to
divorce Catherine and
remarry
Pope says no to an
annulment
Parliament
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1529 – Reformation Parliament ends Papal
power in England
1533 – Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn
1534 – Parliament legalizes Henry’s divorce
from Catherine
King becomes head of Church
Henry’s wives
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Catherine
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Anne Boleyn
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Divorced
Kathryn Howard
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Dies in childbirth
Anne of Cleves
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Executed
Jane Seymour
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Divorced
Executed
Katherine Parr
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Survives
Calvinism
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Everyone is innately sinful
Doctrine of Predestination
Provides Protestant theology
Geneva Theocracy
John Knox
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Presbyterians
Huguenots
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St. Bartholomew's Day
Anabaptists
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Baptized only those old enough to decide to
be Christians
Church and state should be separate
Refused to fight in wars
Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics
Influenced Amish and Baptists who would
later split from the Anglican Church
Catholic Reformation
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Spiritual Exercises
Jesuits
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
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The church’s interpretation of Bible is final
Christians need faith and good works
Bible and tradition are equal authorities
Indulgences are a valid expression of faith