Transcript so what was reborn?

Movers & Shakers
Da Vinci
Petrarch
Luther
Renaissance &
Enlightenment
The Renaissance and Reformation 1300 - 1600
It All started in Italy…
Renaissance means “Rebirth”
…so what was reborn?
- Art, Music, Literature and Learning
There was a push to revisit the Glory days of Ancient Rome and Greece.
The Fallout From the Crusades Aided in the Rebirth
-Northern Italy developed into a trade center
-Increased trade with the orient and middle east
-Increased trade lead to increased intellectual interaction
Leonardo da Vinci
The Changing role of Power
In Italy each city-state had it’s own wealthy merchant class
Most people were highly involved in the political
decisions of their city-state
Merchants
family:
The Merchants
were the
most influential in the area• Medici
of politics
because ofpowerful
the growing power
• Earned
their
growing
that they power
had via money
well as the growing
unlike thefamily
nobles, thein
merchants
viaassuccess
in respect, because banking
“earned” their
power
Florence
business
The concept of Individual
achievement took off during this
time, giving
way to
the idea of the
– Hold
many
positions
in the
• Emphasize
individual
“Renaissance Man” (someone well rounded and knowledgeable
in all areas of study)
government
achievement and skills, is
– Most merchants in Italy
the core of humanism
owe debt to them via loan
• Begin learning to expand
opportunities (languages,
culture, history)
In 1300s bubonic plague killed 60% of population,
disrupts economy
• Learning
Changes in Society
-
Learning
Art
Religion
Acquiring Status Symbols
– Classic literature (Rome and Greece
– Math and science become fields heavily explored and
experimented in
– Art and new techniques are developed
– Music becomes means of expressing emotions
• Art
–
–
–
–
Focus split between religion & common life (secular)
More personal now
More could afford to have it to decorate
Respectable way to make living
• Religion
Changes in Society
-
Learning
Art
Religion
Acquiring Status Symbols
– Church coming under question
– Push to have a more personal relationship with faith
– Printing press allows people to read Bible
• “Stuff”
– Owning nice homes, clothes etc… becomes possible,
way to show success
– Art commissioned for homes
• Patron—a financial supporter of artists
Artists &
Writers
Leonardo, Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vinci—painter,
sculptor, inventor, scientist
• Paints one of the best-known
portraits in the world: the Mona
Lisa
• Famous religious painting: The
Last Supper
Francesco Petrarch
- Humanist and poet; woman named
Laura is his muse
Boccaccio
- Best known for the Decameron, a
series of stories
Writing becomes about real life
Northern Renaissance
•Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists
•England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons
•Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism
•Albrecht Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings emphasize realism
•Thomas More of England creates a model society in his book Utopia “No
Place”
Engraving by:
Albrecht Durer
Henry VIII and His Heirs
Henry VIII (1500’s)
His Children
• Starts as a Catholic
• Wants a divorce, church
says no.
• Breaks from Catholic
Church, creates Church
of England (Protestant)
with him as the head of it
• Ultimately has 6 wives
and 3 children
• England remains
Protestant under Edward
• Becomes strict Catholic
under Mary I “Bloody
Mary” she orders 300
Protestants to be burned
at the stake
• Elizabeth I returns to
Protestant but is tolerant
of all faiths
– Rules for nearly 50 years
very successfully
Luther Challenges
the Church
The 95 Theses
• Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences
• Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from penalty for a sin
• In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking the church
• Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany
• Luther launches the Reformation—a movement for religious reform
• Reformation rejects pope’s authority
Luther’s Teachings
• People can win salvation by good works and faith
• Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the pope
• All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible without priests
The Response to Luther
The Pope’s Threat
• Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520)
• Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away
• Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated
• Edict of Worms is issued (1521), declaring Luther a heretic
• Luther and followers begin a separate religious group—Lutherans
•John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536):
-we are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation
-God chooses who will be saved—predestination
•Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings
Wait a minute…you mean that one
isn’t Earth???
The Scientific Revolution
From Geocentric to Heliocentric
- Geocentric theory believed that the earth was the
center of the universe and everything revolved
around it.
- Copernicus proposed the idea that perhaps the
sun was the center of the universe; this is called the
Heliocentric theory.
Copernicus lived during a time when the church still held closely to the
ideas that the Earth was the center of the universe, and he knew that
speaking out and saying otherwise no matter how much proof he had
would spell the end for him so he waited until he was near his death in
1543 to share his findings publically.
Talk About Giving Your Life to Science!!!
Galileo was a without question a mover and shaker from
Italy in the scientific and religious realms of his time.
- He is accredited with creating the first true telescope.
He borrowed the idea of the magnifying lens from a
Dutch lens maker and took it to another level,
magnification that allowed him to study the stars and
the planets.
- His findings supported the works of the scientist
before him and flew in the face of the teachings of the
church, calling into question the validity of the church.
- In the end he was forced to chose between death and
saying his findings were false, he chose to lie to save his
life, but he spent the remainder of his life as a prisoner.
Enlightenment
• Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing
reason and thought
• Philosopher John Locke says government gets power
from the people
– Stresses that people have a right to overthrow an unjust
government
• Montesquieu: Favors separation of powers to keep
one body from running government
• So where did all these new thinkers meet to discuss their ideas?
– Salons: gathering places for people to talk about new ideas.