Transcript Luther Slide Show

The
Protestant
Reformation
Luther’s impact
on Western
Civilization
Today’s Goals
• Causes of the Reformation
• Impact of Reformation of Western
Civilization
The Protestant Reformation
• 16th Century split from Roman Catholic
Church
• initiated by Martin Luther
• Protestant Christian religions emerged
– Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism
• Other Sects grown from Protestantism
– Anabaptists, Huguenots, Puritans
Long Term Causes
• Social Causes
– Renaissance values of
humanism and secularism
made people question Church
• Technological Causes
– Guttenberg’s printing press
allowed ideas to spread rapidly
• Economic Causes
– Northern European princes and
merchants resented Church
taxes (indulgences, tithes)
• Political Causes
– Northern European princes
resented Papal power within
their territories
• Religious Causes
– Avignon Papacy, Babylonian
Captivity, Great Schism
weakened Church
– Corruption of Church officials
• Simony, pluralism, sale of
indulgences
Pope Alexander VI (14921503) of the Borgia Family
Pope Leo X of the Medici
Family
Sketch of St. Peter’s Basilica by Michelangelo
Wittenberg, Germany
October 1517
The Spark
Martin Luther
• German Catholic Augustinian
Monk
• Major conversion moment
during lightning storm
• Earned doctorate in theology
• Extremely pious, serious,
and confused about his own
salvation
• Sent to Rome to calm his
despair over his
unworthiness
• Shocked over corruption of
Catholicism in Rome
Portraits of Hans and Margarethe Luther
Luther as an
Augustinian monk
Head of John the
Baptist Relic
The Spark
• Indulgences
– Document which Papacy claimed
would absolve Christians of sin
• St. Peter’s Basilica
– Massive Catholic cathedral in Vatican
– Pope Leo X needed money to finish
construction
• Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
– German friar who was authorized to
sell indulgences (for St. Peters)
– Used high pressure sales tactics on
German peasants
• “As soon as gold in the basin
rings, the souls in purgatory
spring”
The 95 Theses
• Out of love for the truth and from desire to
elucidate (clearly explain) it, the Reverend
Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and
Sacred Theology, and ordinary lecturer
therein at Wittenberg, intends to defend the
following statements and to dispute on them
in that place. Therefore he asks that those
who cannot be present and dispute with him
orally shall do so in their absence by letter. In
the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen.
• The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except
those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.
• The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring and showing
that it has been remitted by God; or, to be sure, by remitting guilt in
cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in these
cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven.
• God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in
all things and makes him submissive to the vicar, the priest. Again,
``Why does not the pope, whose wealth is today greater than the
wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with
his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?''
• Again, ``What does the pope remit or grant to those who by perfect
contrition already have a right to full remission and blessings?''
• Again, ``What greater blessing could come to the church than if the
pope were to bestow these remissions and blessings on every
believer a hundred times a day, as he now does but once?''
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Context
– Note the date in which the doc was created
– What long term trends/zeitgeist and/or contemporary events affect what the
author says, what the artist paints, and what the political cartoonist draws,
etc.?
Audience
– Note the source of the doc and to whom is the author speaking
– How does this shape what the author says or creates?
• A speech before a tribunal, a painting for a wealthy patron, a private
letter between friends, a diary, a memoir
Purpose
– Why is the doc written?
– Is the author, artist trying to explain, to justify, to persuade, to enrage, to
instill fear, to record, to elevate his or her own notoriety?
Point of View
– What inherent biases may the author have?
• What is the author’s/ artist’s gender, religion, occupation, social class,
nationality, political persuasion and how might this shape their
weltanschauung?
Bust a CAPP in dat DOC
1. Context (What events, era, ideas, etc. influenced the author?)
1. Christian Humanism, His pilgrimage to Rome, Erasmus, etc.
2. Individualism, “man is a miraculous creature”, virtu
2. Audience (To whom is the author speaking and how might that influence what
is being said?)
1. Church intellectuals, (written in Latin)
3. Purpose (Why is the author saying what he is saying? What does he hope to
gain?)
1. To discuss a theological matter, other motives?
4. Point of View (What is the author’s gender, social class, occupation, position
in society, religion and how might this shape what is said or illustrate his
credibility?)
1. Doctorate in Theology, Monk and professor, other influences on how he
sees the world?
95 Thesis
• Luther’s Response
– 95 Theses (10/31/1517)
• Criticized sale of indulgences/
papal wealth/papal authority
• Written in Latin
• Common method to spark debate
among theologians
• Leipzig Debate
– Johann Eck v. Luther
– Luther denied Papal infallibility,
criticized corruption & opulence of
Pope
• Excommunicated by Papal Bull in 1521
• 95 Thesis mass produced via printing
press
Luther Blogs
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Context
– Note the date in which the doc was created
– What long term trends/zeitgeist and/or contemporary events affect what the
author says, what the artist paints, and what the political cartoonist draws,
etc.?
Audience
– Note the source of the doc and to whom is the author speaking
– How does this shape what the author says or creates?
• A speech before a tribunal, a painting for a wealthy patron, a private
letter between friends, a diary, a memoir
Purpose
– Why is the doc written?
– Is the author, artist trying to explain, to justify, to persuade, to enrage, to
instill fear, to record, to elevate his or her own notoriety?
Point of View
– What inherent biases may the author have?
• What is the author’s/ artist’s gender, religion, occupation, social class,
nationality, political persuasion and how might this shape their
weltanschauung?
Address the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520),
Source: Martin Luther, German Catholic priest and theologian
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. . Poor Germans that we are--we have
Analysis
been deceived! We were born to be
masters, and we have been compelled • Context
to bow the head beneath the yoke of
our tyrants, and to become slaves.
• Audience
Name, title, outward signs of royalty, we
possess all these; force, power, right,
• Purpose
liberty, all these have gone over to the
popes, who have robbed us of them.
• Point of
They get the kernel, we get the husk . . . View
It is time the glorious Teutonic people
should cease to be the puppet of the
Roman pontiff. ..
Luther’s Theology & Implications
• Faith Alone
– Rejected idea that “good works” &
indulgences needed for Salvation
– Salvation is freely given by God
• Bible ultimate authority
– Rejected idea that Papal Bulls held
spiritual weight
– Translated Bible into German
– Only 2 sacraments
• Priesthood of All Believers
– Said that each individual is spiritually
equal in eyes of God
– Rejects spiritual hierarchy
• Influence of humanism (Mirandola)
– Obligated to save own soul
• Rejects celibacy/ praises marriage &
motherhood
• Secular rulers are supreme authority in all
matters except theological
The Wartburg room where Luther
translated the New Testament into
German.
Begin at minute 22
On Christian Liberty (1520)
Source: Martin Luther, German Catholic priest and
theologian, “open letter” to Pope Leo X
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Analysis
• Context
Christian man is the most free lord of all, and
subject to none; a Christian man is the most
dutiful servant of all, and subject to every one.
Although these statements appear contradictory,
yet, when they are found to agree together, they • Audience
will make excellently for my purpose. They are
both the statements of Paul himself, who says,
"Though I be free from all men, yet have I made • Purpose
myself servant unto all" (1 Cor. ix. 19), and "Owe
no man anything, but to love one another" (Rom.
xiii. 8). Now love is by its own nature dutiful and • Point of
View
obedient to the beloved object. Thus even Christ,
though Lord of all things, was yet made of a
woman; made under the law; at once free and a
servant; at once in the form of God and in the
form of a servant.
Point of View
• Clearly one must consider the position of the author in
this doc because as a __________ the author would
naturally favor
• One must consider the motive of the author in this doc
because as a ___________ he stands to gain
_________
• (It makes sense/ It is surprising) that
________________ feels this way because as a
________________ he would naturally favor
_____________________
• This document is (insightful/ valuable/ must be taken
with caution) because it illustrates the
• One must take note of (the tone, the occasion) for
which this doc is written because ___________
Diet of Worms (1521)
• Charles V
– Emperor of Holy Roman
Empire
– promised no subject
excommunicated without a
trial
• Luther placed on trial at Diet of
Worms
– Diet made up of princes, bishops, Unless I am convinced by the testimony
representatives of Free Cities
of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I
• Luther ordered to recant his
beliefs
– He refused
• Speech asserted freedom of
conscience
• Luther branded an outlaw
• Luther kidnapped by Elector
Frederick III
do not trust either in the pope or in
councils alone, since it is well known
that they have often erred and
contradicted themselves), I am bound
by the Scriptures I have quoted and my
conscience is captive to the Word of
God. To go against conscience is
neither right nor safe. I cannot and will
not recant. May God help me. Amen.
Diet of Worms
Protestantism
• Luther hid under protection of Frederick of Saxony
– Translated Bible into German
• Democratizes religion!!!!
• Encourages literacy!!!!!
• Northern German princes turned to Lutheranism
– Motives
• Way to stop Church authority
• Opportunity to seize lands
• Liked Address to the Christian Nobility of
the German Nation (1520) stress on
superiority of secular rulers
• Diet of Speyer (1529) Charles V ordered Luther
and his followers arrested
• Princes issue defiant PROTEST
– Hence the term Protestant
– Form the League of Schmalkaden in 1531
• Allied with French King Francis I (who
ironically was Catholic) against HRE
The Swabian Peasant Uprising (1525)
• Motives
– Crop failures in 1523-24 furthered
aggrieved peasants burdened by
nobles’ rents
• Peasant Revolts
– Twelve Articles (1525)
– Used Biblical scripture to justify
rebellion
– Other motives
• Inspired by Luther’s On Christian
Liberty
– Christian man is the most free
lord of all, and subject to none
– Demanded social and economic
equality
• Demand an end to serfdom, tithes,
feudalism
The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants (March 1525)
Source: Authored by peasant Sebastian Lotzer and signed by a
committee representing 25 villages pertaining to the city of
Memmingen, Swabia region of Württemberg.
The Seventh Article : {We will} not hereafter
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allow ourselves to be farther oppressed by our Analysis
lords, but will let them demand only what is just
and proper according to the word of the
Context
agreement between the lord and the peasant.
The lord should no longer try to force more
services or other dues from the peasant without Audience
payment, but permit the peasant to enjoy his
Purpose
holding in peace and quiet. The peasant
should, however, help the lord when it is
necessary, and at proper times when it will not Point of
be disadvantageous to the peasant and for a
View
suitable payment.
• CAPP Analysis
• Placing this document in its historical context,
one can see the influence of
____________________________ in shaping
the point of view of the author. (Explanation of
context)
• Perhaps emulating Luther who challenged the
powerful medieval institution of the Church, the
peasants are challenging the medieval
institution of feudalism.
Other tips to consider
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Position
– Consider who wrote the doc
– Are they an eyewitness to the event?
• If so, this is usually a valuable source
– Would they be in a position to know what they’re talking about?
• A noble writing about peasant life or vice versa may not be a very reliable source
Tone
– Does the author use emotional language, fiery rhetoric
– If so, this source must be taken with caution, especially in a speech or open letter
Occasion
– Is it a public speech, an open letter meant for the public to see
• Anything said or written to the public is usually carefully worded an meant to sway
public opinion
• It may not really reflect what the author or public felt
Is it a memoir
– Written years later
– Could be a valuable source (careful reflection years later)
– Could be a apologist (make excuses for past mistakes)
Is it a diary
– Usually a very reliable source in terms of how the person really felt
What does the author Want?
• (It makes sense/ It is surprising) that
________________ feels this way
because as a ________________ he
would naturally favor
_____________________
• This document is (insightful/ valuable/
must be taken with caution) because it
illustrates the
Luther’s Response
• At first supported then later
condemned the revolts
• Against the Murdering
Thieving Hordes of
Peasants
(1525)
– Luther condemned the
peasants as devils
– Used scripture to
repudiate Twelve Articles
– Believed that rebellion
would lead to end of
civilization
– Calls for their liquidation
• Why did he side with the
Lords?
Click for Clip 41-
Women and priests retrieve the dead bodies
of Swabian soldiers just outside the city gates
of Constance after the Battle of Triboltingen in
the Swabian War
Against the Murdering Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525)
Source: Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation
following the murder of High Governor, count Ludwig
Helferich of Helfenstein, addressed to the princes of Germany
• With threefold horrible sins against God and men have
these peasants loaded themselves, for which they have
deserved a manifold death of body and soul.
• First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to
be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's
command (Matt. xxii. 21), "Render therefore unto
Caesar the things which are Caesar's," and (Rom. xiii.
1), "Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers."
But since they have deliberately an sacrilegiously
abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared
to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body
an soul, as perfidious (deceitful), perjured, lying,
disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do.
Wherefore St. Paul judges them, saying (Rom. xiii. 2.),
"And they that resist shall receive to themselves
damnation." The peasants will incur this sentence,
sooner or later; for God wills that fidelity and allegiance
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Analysis
Context
Audience
Purpose
Point of
View
• (It makes sense/ It is surprising) that
________________ feels this way
because as a ________________ he
would naturally favor
_____________________
Impact of Luther’s Theology
• Spiritual Equality
– Influence of humanism
• Individual’s Freedom
of Conscience
– Influence of humanism
• Encouraged literacy
– Role of technology
• Raised status of
women
• Leads to other
religions
Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch painter, 1629
Rembrandt’s Mother Reading
Appeal of Protestant Ideas
• Luther
– Skill with language
– Translated Bible into German
– Became standard German dialect
• His ideas spread rapidly due to Printing Press
• Christian Humanist
– Attracted to Luther’s stress on simpler,
more personal religion, centrality of
scripture, end of elaborate ceremonies
• Educated
– attracted to stress on reading, education
• Townspeople
– resented Catholic Church wealth, Tithes
• Secular Rulers
– Liked Luther’s stress on obedience to
secular rulers
Marriage and Sexuality
• Celibacy against human nature according
to Luther
• Married former nun, Katharina von Bora
• Had several children
• Model of proper Christian family
• Protestantism denied that marriage was a
sacrament but said had to be ordained by
God to be a Proper marriage
• Men and Women are Spiritual equality
• But maintained social hierarchy
– Husband authority of household &
must be obeyed
– Urged to be kind to wife but may use
physical force if necessary (breaking a
horse)
• Marriage viewed as created by God to aid
human weakness
– Couples who had bad marriage
endangered own soul and
communities
• Allowed divorce (as a last resort)
Protestant Impact on Status of Women
• Many educated nothern European women
were attracted to Luther’s theology
– Elevated status of marriage, women in
general
• Argula von Grumbach
– Aristocratic woman who called on women
to speak out on theological matters
(priesthood of all believers)
• Prostitution condemned
• City brothels closed (except Italy)
– Moved outside city
• Overall impact
– Mostly positive
– But convent (Catholic) did provide some
upper class women with literary, artistic
opportunity and medical security
– Closure of convents made marriage the
only occupation for women
– Unmarried women (and men) became
suspect!!!
• IE. Witches
Letter from noblewoman, Argula von Grumbach to University of
Ingolstadt concerning Arsacius Seehofer, the young teacher who
had been arrested for Protestant views and forced to recant
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What have Luther and Melanchthon taught save the Word of
God? You have condemned them. You have not refuted them.
Where do you read in the Bible that Christ, the apostles, and
the prophets imprisoned, banished, burned, or murdered
anyone? You tell us that we must obey the magistrates.
Correct. But neither the pope, nor the Kaiser, not the princes
have any authority over the Word of God. You need not think
you can pull God, the prophets and the apostles out of heaven
with papal decretals drawn from Aristotle, who was not a
Christian at all. . . . You seek to destroy all of Luther's works.
In that case you will have to destroy the New Testament,
which he has translated. In the German writings of Luther and
Melanchthon I have found nothing heretical. . . Even if Luther
should recant, what he has said would still be the Word of
God. I would be willing to come and dispute with you in
German…
I send you not a woman's ranting, but the Word of God. I write
as a member of the Church of Christ against which the gates
of hell shall not prevail. . .
CAPP
Analysis
Context
Audience
Purpose
Point of
View
• (It makes sense/ It is surprising) that
________________ feels this way
because as a ________________ he
would naturally favor
_____________________
• Placing this document in its historical
context, one can see the influence of
____________________________ in
shaping the point of view of the author.
(Explanation of context)