The Protestant Reformation
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Transcript The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant
Reformation
Chapter 17 Sections 3 & 4
Causes of the Reformation
Renaissance ideas
(humanism, glorification of
the individual)
The Catholic Church after
the Middle Ages was
weaker (plague, political
control)
Printing press (allowed
information to spread faster,
allowed lay people to read
the Bible for themselves)
Northern Renaissance
(Christian) Humanism
Taken from Italian Renaissance
humanism’s study of the
classics
Goal was to reform Christendom
Desiderius Erasmus
Studied original Christian texts
Praise of Folly (1511) – criticized
popes
Corruption of the Church
Renaissance Popes (1450 – 1520)
Pluralism = multiple church offices
Absenteeism
Indulgences
Worried about Italian politics (Papal
States)
Financial problems (buying art)
Selling salvation to raise revenue
People wanted a more meaningful
religious experience
Martin Luther
Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483)
Studied law until deciding to
become a monk
Never felt that God would accept
him
Studied the Bible
Came to a new idea –
justification by faith
Salvation was not through good
works, but through faith
Martin Luther vs. the Church
Selling of indulgences angered Luther
Johann Tetzel was the local bishop in
Wittenberg
Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517)
Wittenberg, Germany
Attack on the church and the sell of
indulgences
Printed copies spread throughout Germany
Luther vs. the Holy Roman Empire
Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther in Jan. 1521
Diet of Worms (1521)
Edict of Worms
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) – orders Luther to
recant (take back)
Luther refuses
No one in the empire is allowed to give food or shelter to
Luther
Frederick the Wise of Saxony gives Luther protection
1522 – Luther returns from exile and finds that he has
gained followers
Lutheranism
The Lutheran Faith developed as a new
Christian Church
Peasants’ Revolt (1524)
Peasants demand an end to serfdom
Luther sided with the princes to keep peace
Luther loses support of many peasants
German religious wars
Translated New Testament into German
Salvation through faith alone (not through the church)
Bible is only source of religious truth
Some princes sign an agreement with Charles V to fight
against the Lutherans
Some princes sign an agreement to fight Charles V &
the Catholic Church
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Each German prince would decide the religion of their
area
English Religious Reform
Henry VIII – wanted a male heir
Catherine of Aragon – daughter Mary
Asked pope for a divorce, pope
denied
Henry turns to Parliament for help
Nephew was Charles V of HRE
Act of Supremacy (1534) – King became
head of English church, not the pope
New Church called the Church of
England or Anglican Church
Church keeps most Catholic traditions
English Religious Reform
Henry’s Wives
Edward VI
Sickly, dies in his teens
Protestant reforms put in changes to the
Anglican Church
Mary (“Bloody Mary”)
6 wives = 1 son
Returned England to a Catholic a nation
Burned Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I
Protestant who re-established the
Anglican Church
Puritans – “purify” the English church
Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism)
Huldrych Zwingli (1484 –
1531)
Like Lutheranism – salvation
through faith alone
Different
Wanted a theocracy (church citystate) in Zurich
Zwingli’s forces defeated by
Catholics
Swiss Reforms (Calvinism)
John Calvin
Studied theology, law, and humanism
Predestination – belief that God is all
powerful and predestined those who
were saved
Geneva – began to reform as a
theocracy
Calvinism Spreads
John Knox – spreads ideas to Scotland
(Presbyterians)
Huguenots in France
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Anabaptists
Did not want states to have power over religion
Favored by middle and lower class
Adult baptism, all members equal
Separation of church and state
Would not hold political office or fight in the army
Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants
Forerunners of Mennonites and the Amish
Influenced the Quakers and Baptists
Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola’s teachings
become the foundation of the
Society of Jesus
Followers called Jesuits
3 Goals
Create schools to teach classical
studies and religion
Missions to spread Catholicism
(missionaries sent around the
world)
Stop the spread of Protestantism
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)
Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
Church’s interpretation of the Bible
was final
Need faith and good works for
salvation
Bible and Church were equally
powerful authorities
False selling of indulgences was
banned
Pope Paul IV – has forbidden books
burned
Effects of the Reformation
Religious
Political
New denominations and churches flourish
Catholics Church becomes more centralized
Decrease of church power leads to the formation
of the modern nation-states
Social
Questioning of the church leads to the
Enlightenment