Transcript The Protestant Reformation

Italian City-States
Renaissance means “Rebirth”
 Italy was the center of the Roman Empire
 Wealthy merchant class, who played a
role in politics
 Medici family
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 Wealthy banking family that were patrons to
the arts
 Controlled Florence
What Was The Renaissance
Time of creativity & change
 People wanted a rebirth after the
medieval ages
 Humanism was at the heart of the ren.
 Education focused more on poetry,
history, grammar & rhetoric
 Francesco Petrarch built a library of
Greek & Roman manuscripts
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Golden Age in the Arts
Humanists art portrays religious
figures & well known people
 Perspective technique
 Women had a hard time becoming
artists
 Architecture changed from gothic to
more Roman styles
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Three Geniuses of
Renaissance Art
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Leonardo da Vinci
 Inventor, painter
 Dissected human corpses & sketched it
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Michelangelo
 Painter
 Painted the Sistine Chapel
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Raphael
 Painter
 School of Athens
Italian Renaissance Writers
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Baldassare Castiglione
 Writes the How To book, Book of the
Courtier
 Describes how to become a well-mannered,
educated aristocrat
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Niccolo Machiavelli
 Writes The Prince
 Urged rulers to use any means necessary
to achieve power
Artists of the Northern
Renaissance
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Albrecht Durer
 German Leonardo, brought ren. To
Germany
 Engraver
Northern Humanists
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Desiderius Erasmus
 Dutch Priest
 Had the Bible translated into Greek&
vernacular
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Thomas More
 Pressed social reform
 Writes Utopia & describes a perfect society
Writers for a New Audience
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William Shakespeare
 English Poet & Playwright
 Romeo & Juliet
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Miguel de Cervantes
 Spain
 Don Quixote
Printing Revolution
Johann Gutenberg invents the
printing press
 Bible is mass produced
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Abuses In The Church
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Popes tried to rule everything
Fought for power against Nobles & Monarchs
Lavish Lifestyles
Sold indulgences to fund the church
Promised it would lessen the time spent in
purgatory
Luther’s Protest
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1517 people are fed up with church corruption
Led by Martin Luther a German monk & professor of
theology
Johann Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg to
rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome
Claimed contributions would ensure salvation for
you & your dead relatives
Luther nails 95 theses to the doors of
Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
Luther vs. the Church
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Luther’s arguments
 Only be saved by faith
 Pope has no control over the afterlife
 Indulgences are not in the Bible
 Church needs to be reformed
Catholic Church demands Luther recants or be
excommunicated
 Luther refuses & is excommunicated
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Luther vs. the Church
Luther is summoned by Holy Roman Emperor,
Charles V
 Asked to recant, refuses & is declared an outlaw
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 All writing are illegal
 Aiding Luther is illegal
Hid in a castle in Wartburg for a year
 Becomes a hero in Germany
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Luther’s Teachings
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Good deeds do not get you into heaven, faith
alone
Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the
clergy
Clergy does not have “special powers” everyone has
access to God
Translates Bible to German
Rejected the sacraments of indulgences, confession,
pilgrimages, & prayers to saints
Clergy can marry, mass focuses on sermon
Lutheran Church
Spread of Lutheran Ideas
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Printing press help to spread Luther’s ideas
Protestant, “protest” papal authority
Many saw Luther’s ideas as a way to fix Church
corruption
Some saw it as a way overthrow the Church & the
Holy Roman Empire
National Loyalty in Germany
The Peasants’ Revolt
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Peasants support Luther’s ideas in hope of his
support for social & economic change
1524 Peasants’ Revolt sweeps across Germany
Demanded end of serfdom
Luther denounces it & helps the nobles to
suppress the rebellion
Tens of thousands killed
Peace of Augsburg
1555 Treaty between
Charles V & Lutheran
princes
 Allowed each prince to
decide the religion of
the land that they
owned
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John Calvin
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Works with Ulrich Zwingli towards reforming the
church
Born in France a priest & lawyer
Same ideas as Luther
Predestination
Calvin runs a theocracy in Geneva
Built a model community
Zwingli & Calvin
Calvinism Spreads
Reformers from Europe visited Geneva & were
impressed
 Dutch Reformed Church organized
 Scottish Protestants overthrow their Catholic
Queen
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The English Reformation
Henry VIII went to the Pope to seek
an annulment
 Catherine of Aragon had not provided
Henry VIII w/ an heir to the throne
 Henry VIII went to the Pope for to
annul his marriage & was denied
 The Pope did want to offend Charles V
Catherine’s cousin
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The English Reformation
Henry was furious
 Henry took control of the Church of
England & the Pope lost all power in
England
 Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only
supreme head on Earth of the Church of
England”
 Any Catholic who refused to accept the
Act were executed
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The English Reformation
Henry gained many lands & money
from corrupt convents & monasteries
 Henry would die & his 10 year old son
Edward VI became king
 Edward’s advisors passed many
Protestant laws
 Edward died in his teens & Mary Tudor
became queen
 She wanted England to be Catholic &
burned Protestants at the stake
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The English Reformation
Queen Elizabeth comes to power
 Elizabethan settlement passes
several compromises between
Catholics & Protestants
 Church services kept Catholic traditions
 Monarchy is still head of church
 Accepted Protestant Doctrine
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Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III saw the need to reform
the Catholic Church
 Wanted to end church corruption
 Council of Trent
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 Salvation comes through good works &
faith
 Bible not the only source of truth
 Est. schools
 Fined corrupt clergy
Catholic Reformation
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Inquisition
 Used secret testimony, torture, execution
to stop heresy
 Banned books
Widespread Persecution
Catholics & Protestants fought
constantly
 Witch Hunts would accuse people of
being agents of the devil & would be
burned at the stake
 Jews were pushed out of many placed &
migrated towards Poland
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Changes in Views of the
Universe
Nicolaus Copernicus proposes his
heliocentric theory
 Many reject it & Copernicus is shunned
 Tycho Brahe & Johanes Kepler helped
prove the heliocentric theory
 Galileo builds a telescope & discovers
the planets in orbit
 The Catholic Church forces him to
rebuke his finding for fear of death
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New Scientific Method
Scientific Method is created
 Scientists must now confirm their
findings
 No one can make a claim w/out proof
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Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton discovers gravity
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Also developed calculus
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Scientific Advances
Chemistry started to break away from
alchemy
 Robert Boyle distinguished between
individual elements & chemical
compounds
 Also explained the effect temperature
had on pressure & gas
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Scientific Advances
Andreas Vesalius published the 1st
detailed book on human anatomy
 Ambroise Pare develops a
disinfectant & stitches
 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek invents
the 1st microscope
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