Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation
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Transcript Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 14 The Renaissance
and Reformation
Europe’s cultural
rebirth, known as the
Renaissance, began in
Italy around 1300 and
spread to northern
Europe. This period
emphasized artistic
expression, the study
of Greek and roman
cultures, secular and
individual
development
The Medici family of
Florence organized a
successful banking
business and were
ranked among the
richest merchants and
bankers in Europe.
Lorenzo “the
magnificent” Medici
was one of the
leading
Patrons—financial
supporters of the arts.
At the heart of the
Renaissance was a
set of ideas known as
HUMANISM—an
intellectual movement
based on the study of
classical culture, and
focused on worldly
subjects rather than
on the religious
issues
Scholars focused on
here and now vs.
Medieval Scholars
who focused on
afterlife
HUMANITIES
Grammar
Rhetoric
Poetry
History
I A New Worldview
A. Humanists
(humanities)
B. Perspective-to
create illusion of
depth
-distant obj smaller
1. Tempera
2. Oil
II Three geniuses of
Renaissance art
A. Leonardo da Vinci
1. Painter
2. Sculptor
3. Architect
4. Engineer
5. Scientist
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
B Michelangelo
1. Sculptor
2. Engineer
3. Painter
4. Architect
5. Poet
Pieta –sorrow of Mary as she cradles Christ on
her knees
Statue of David
Sistine Chapel in Rome
Dome of St. Peters Cathedral..model for US
Capital in D.C.
C. Raphael
Madonna, mother of
Jesus
The School of Athens
Imaginary gathering
of Plato, Aristotle,
Socrates
Used pic of
Michelangelo,
Leonardo, and himself
in works
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
Published 1513
Advice to rulers how to gain and
maintain power
Says end justifies means
It’s ok to not keep promises if it gets
results
“Machiavellian”
refers to deceit in
politics
Others say he is a realist on how
politics is
Renaissance Moves North
Dutch Priest Erasmus- spreads it north
Made new Greek edition of New Testament
& vernacular bible( everyday language)
Engraving- etched design on metal with acid
Metal then used to make prints
Northern Humanist – believed learning should
bring religious and moral reforms
Thomas More – wrote Utopia (ideal society)
William Shakespeare -English
Richard
III –power struggles of Engl.
Kings
Romeo & Juliet
Created 1700 new words
Bedroom,
sneak
lonely, groups, gloomy, hurry,
Miguel de Cervantes -Spain
Don
Quixote (Dahn kee hoh tay)
Mocks
romantic medieval chivalry
Revolution Johann Gutenberg –
Germany
Printing
1st
complete edition of bible using printing
press and ink
Printed books were cheaper and easier to
produce than hand-copied
More people learn to read
Protestant Reformation
Church
caught up in worldly affairs
Pope competed for political power
Kept
a lavish lifestyle
Paid artist to beautify church that cost $
To pay for it: increased fee for baptisms
and marriages
Some
sold “indulgence” –less time in
purgatory for money
Martin Luther
German
monk and professor of
theology led riot
95 Theses
Arguments
against indulgences
Indulgence had no bible basis
Pope had not authority to release souls early
Christians only saved by faith
Printed
and distributed across Europe
Luther cont.
Church
ask Luther to recant (give up his
views and write apology)
Instead he urged Christian to reject
Rome authority
1521 excommunicated
Holy Roman emperor Charles V
ordered Luther to recant
him outlaw –illegal to give food or
shelter
Made
Luther Teachings
(Lutheran Church
1st
rejected deeds necessary for
salvation
Bible sole source for truth
Denied
Rejected
authority of pope or church priest
5 of 7 sacraments b/c bible
never mentioned them.
Banned indulgences, confession,
pilgrimages, prayers to saints
Emphasized the sermon
Permitted clergy to marry
Lutheran name changeProtestant
Wide
support
Answer
to church corruption
Way to overthrow rule of church and Holy
Roman emperor
National loyalty – tired of German money
going to Italy
Peasant Revolt- he denounced it, he liked
social order. Killed thousands left more
homeless.
John Calvin
French Priest & Lawyer
Book
on how to run Protestant
Church
A lot like Luther but…
– God long ago decided
who would receive salvation
Predestination
Calvinist
Saints
believed 2 type of people
& Sinners
Only those who were saved could live truly
Christian lives
Calvin’s Geneva
City
in Switzerland Calvin led
Set of Theocracy
Govt
run by church leaders
Hard
work, discipline, thrift, honesty
morality
Fines
/punishment for dancing, fighting,
swearing,
Like
Luther believed in religious edu.
For women, but should read bible in
private.
Spread of Calvinism
Reformers
all over Europe visit Geneva
As Calvinism spread sets off wars
across Europe over religion
– faced Catholics & Lutherans
France- (called Huguenots) vs Catholics
Scotland –John Knox led rebellion
Germany
Protestants overthrew Catholic queen
Set up Scottish Presbyterian Church
Radical Reformers
Anabaptist
– no to infant baptism
Some
wanted speed up coming of God by
violent means
Took over city of Munster in Germany
Luther helped Catholics in regaining order
Most
were peaceful, called for separation
of church and state.
What
are they today?
Baptist,
Quakers, Mennonites, Amish
English Reformation
King
Henry VIII
Awarded
title “Defender of the Faith” by
pope
Break with Catholic church
Wanted control over English Church
Wanted Annulment from Catherine of Aragon to
marry Anne Boleyn to have a son.
Pope said no so not to offend Holly Roman
Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew)
Break with Rome
Passed
laws to take over Church of
England.
of Supremacy – head of Eng. Church
Catholics refused to accept. Executed for
Treason
Act
Sir Thomas Moore, English humanist executed
later Canonized (made a saint by cath church)
Closed
convents and Monastery- seized
land and wealth
Started Anglican Church (new church of
England)
Henry VIII Dies
Edward
VI (10 yrs old) king
Changes
Eng. to protestant
Dies in teens
Mary
Tudor (half sister)
“Bloody
Mary” nickname
Returns Engl. to Catholic and burns
protestants at the stake
Queen Elizabeth I
Slowly enforce reforms called
Elizabethan settlement
Church of Engl. Keeps Catholic ceremony
and ritual, bishops and archbishops BUT
Monarch was head of Anglican Church
Accepted moderate protestant doctrine
English replaces Latin in services
This helped Eng. Escape religious wars that
tore apart France and other European states
during 1500s
Catholic Reformation –
Pope Paul III
Council
of Trent – met off and on for 20
yrs
Reaffirmed
salvation comes through faith
and good works
Declared Bible major source of religious
truth but not only source
Penalties for corrupt clergy
Established schools for clergy
Catholic Reformation cont.
Stronger
Inquisition (Church court from
middle ages)
Used
secret testimony, torture, execution
to get rid of heresy
Index of Forbidden Books – list no Catholic
could read
Ignatius of Loyola
new
religious order (Society of Jesus or
Jesuits)
Was a Spanish Knight that led crusades
Setup schools to teach humanist and
Catholic beliefs, enforce discipline,
obedience to church
Catholic Reformation Work?
Rome
far more devout
Europe piety and charity flourished
Slowed down Protestant growth
But Europe still was divided
Widespread Persecution
Hunts – usually women,
thousands died
Witch
Beggars,
poor widows, midwives blamed
for infant deaths, herbalist {potions from
devil}
Scapegoats (someone to blame)
Jews Persecuted
Venice,
Italy ordered to live in separate
quarter of city known as “Ghetto”
Luther- tried to convert Jews but ended
up expelling them from Christian lands,
burned synagogues and books
Emperor Charles V- who supported
toleration of Jews, banned from Spanish
colonies in Americas
Scientific Revolution
Humanist
read ancient classics
Religious reformers inspired by Bible
and early Christian times
Science pointed ahead to future
Revolutionary Theory
Nicholas
Copernicus
Heliocentric
Theory – sun centered
universe
Went against church teachings from Ptolemy
Galileo
Made
Galilee
telescope
Attacked by scholars b/c contradict ancient
beliefs
Church condemned him. At Inquisition agreed
to state publicly that Earth stood motionless at
center of universe.
Scientific Method
Based
on observation and
experimentation
Hypothesis (possible explanation)
Complex math calculations used
Repeated work at least once to confirm
Isaac Newton
Theory
of Gravity – explains planet
rotation
Law of motion and mechanics
Developed Calculus
Other Scientific Advances
–freed from magical notions
of medieval alchemists
Chemistry
Boyle –diff btw elements and
compounds
Started modern Chemical analysis of
matter
Robert
–Ambroise Pare developed
ointment and stitches
Medicine
William
Harbey- describes blood circulation
by heart