Transcript Unit 6
The Protestant Reformation 13.3 Objective 1:Summarize the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation. Objective 2: Analyze Martin Luther’s role in shaping the Protestant Reformation. Objective 3: Explain the teachings of John Calvin. Causes • Social and political unrest – New faith seen as a way of remaining Independent of outside political control (HRE) – Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of Church authority over them – Clerical incompetence/corruption – Humanist authors/writers Catalysts • Wycliffe and Huss had begun the movement by laying out the themes – Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a more egalitarian Church, vernacular bible • Church Problems: (Indulgences, clerical ignorance and immorality, too much spending) • The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles) Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Was enrolled in law school until he joined priesthood • Taught theology at University of Wittenberg The Indulgence Problem • In 1517 Johann Tetzel was selling a special “Jubilee indulgence” which prompts Luther to post his 95 theses on October 31st 1517 • "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs." • Reactions – Luther condemned as a Heretic and excommunicated by Pope – Declared outlaw at Diet of Worms and hidden by Nobles in the North where he translated New Testament Luther’s main beliefs • 1). Salvation by faith alone (not faith and good works and ceremonies) – Idea requires the Bible to be in the Vernacular • 2). He only believed in only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist, bans others. – attacked Papal infallibility and stressed the diminishing importance of the clergy German Problems • Princes decide whom they support, Pope or Lutheranism. • Charles V vs. Protestant Princes leads to 30 years of war. • Peace of Augsburg – Choose own religion John Calvin (1509-1564) • Author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion – Began his work in France where Protestants were called Huegonots – He moved to Geneva in July of 1536 to become part of their governing body -Theocracy Calvinism in Practice • Predestination (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing way) • Calvin ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge for protestants) – Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith) – No dance, drink etc…. Screen clipping taken: 1/4/2012, 8:23 AM 13.4 Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response The English Reformation • Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed “Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X) • Henry VIII (1509-1547) – Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess) • Problems? • Henry wants Anne Boleyn • The annulment controversy They had been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”) • Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of England with Thomas Cranmer as archbishop. – Act of Supremacy "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England” Henry VIII • Seized Church property, 20% of all land! • Anne Boleyn beheaded, married 4 more times. • Edward VI - reforms • Death created turmoil w/ religion – Thomas More canonized – Bloody Mary • Elizabethan Settlement and Anglican Church The Counter Reformation • The Council of Trent (1545-1563) – NO DOCTRINAL CHANGES • Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, True Indulgences OK – Changes • The Jesuits, Reform of the papacy (Paul III), strengthened Inquisition, cut into Simony, Seminaries/Schools to train clergy. Looked to end corruption. Outcome of Reformation • Set up modern nationstates • Loss of cohesive power of Church, division of Europe politically, militarily, religiously. • Persecution of Jews increases (ghettos).