Transcript The Protestant Reformation Through Maps

The
Protestant
Reformation
R. H. Bainton
The Reformation of the 16c (1952)
“Thus, the papacy emerged as something
between an Italian city-state and
European power. At the same time it
claimed to be the vice-regent of Christ.
The Pope often could not make up his
mind whether he was the successor of
Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had
much to do with the rise and success of
the Protestant Reformation.”
Causes of the Reformation?
 Church corruption:

Too much politics

Misuse of money – war, art, monuments

Offices

Simony, Pluralism, Benefice system, nepotism
 Avignon Papacy aka Babylonian Captivity
 Secularism as a growth of humanism
 Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land
 Papal need for money  indulgences. St Peter’s and
Tetzel
 Printing Press led to increased literacy
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Luther Gets the credit, but…
• Others had spoken out against the
church and its “theology”
• John Wycliffe in England against the
French Pope
• Jean Hus in ‘Czechoslovakia’
• Savanorola in Florence tried to clean up
morals – Bonfire of the Vanities….
Brothers of the Common
Life
• “Imitation of Christ”
by Thomas A Kempis.
(may have been a copy
of book by Gerard
Groote)
The Spread of Lutheranism
"I would never have
thought that such a storm
would rise from Rome over
one simple scrap of
paper..." (Martin Luther)
Worms
• HRE puts Luther on trial – Edict of
Worms. Declared a heretic.
• Luther excommunicated
• Why was he never caught?
• Changes:
– Ordinary dress
– Marriage
– Services in German
• Peasants saw these changes as a chance
to end feudal system…
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
• Did Luther support
the peasants?
•WHY?
Zwingli
• Simplistic view:
– if the Old or New Testament did
not say something explicitly and
literally, then no Christian should
believe or practice it.
• Led to disputes with Luther
over Catholic practices
• Led to Marburg Colloquay,
which did not have desired
effect, rather the opposite
Marburg Colloquay 1529
• Philip of Hesse to unite
Protestant church against
HRE
• Debate over Eucharist and
transubstantiation
• ‘hoc est corpus meum’.
– “this is my body”
– “this symbolizes my body”
Failure fragmented the protestant
church permanently
The result was an
explosion of new “faiths” ,
as everyone tried to
develop their own ideas on
salvation!
Not Anti Baptist
• Rejected infant baptism
• Anabaptists chose to baptize after they
were old enough to understand its
significance.
• Enemies called them anti baptist
The Anabaptists
Persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
Calvin’s World in the
c
16
"Institutes of the
Christian Religion"
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
Protestant V Catholic
(not for the last time)
• Diet of Augsburg - force Catholicism on HRE
• Schmalkaldic Articles written by Luther to
lay out things protestants were prepared to
compromise on.
• Rejected by RC
• Led to war (Schmalkaldic League) and Peace
of Augsburg 1555
– 2 denominations RC and Lutheran (no Calvin!!)
– “Cuius regio, eius religio” – He who rules the
land decides the religion.
English Reformation
• Lollards had begun the movement to
reform church under John Wycliffe
• Separation from RC came under
Henry VIII and his divorce issues.
• Enjoy the story:
Henry VIII + Co
Catherine Aragon - divorced
Daughter Mary Tudor RC
Anne Boleyn beheaded
Daughter Elizabeth Tudor P
Jane Seymour - died
Son Edward Tudor
Anne Of Cleves – divorced
no children
Katherine Howard – beheaded
no children
Catherine Parr – survived
no children
What was the line of succession? Why?
Henry VIII’s Children
•1510 Daughter - died
1511 Son - died
1513 Son - died
1514 Son - died
1516 Mary - survived
1518 Daughter - died
1533 Elizabeth - survived
1534 Son - died
1535 unknown - died
1536 Son - died
1537 Edward - survived
The Anglican Church
• New Church founded by Thomas Cranmer and
Thomas Cromwell
• Catholics could not accept it. WHY?
– Replaced the Pope!
– Thomas More (King’s friend and advisor)
executed
• Act of Supremacy made Henry the only
supreme head on earth of the Church in
England
• Henry VIII took Catholic lands and sold
them (including those in Ireland)
The Anglican Church
• Act of Succession defined the order of
succession – Edward, then Mary to be
followed by Liz.
• This will create a lot of problems for the
succession of British monarchs until the
1700s!
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of
Richmond:
Illegitimate Son of Henry VIII
The Rest of the Tudors
•
•
Edward VI – Crowned age 9. Devout P.
– Thomas Cranmer writes Anglican Bible
Book of Common Prayer
Determined to end RC influence in his
realm. Dies young with no heir
fortunately or we might have had Bloody
Edward!
•
Lady Jane Grey – Conned into taking
throne by those afraid of losing
influence. Named by her cousin Edward.
She did not want it! Mary raises army.
People refuse to support Jane. Mary
declared Queen
•
Mary – Bloody. RC and angry. Tries to
return England to RC and persecutes the
rest! (see next slide) Dies with no heir.
The Death of
Thomas Cramner 1556
And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more than nay
other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the setting abroad
of writings contrary to the truth. Which here now I renounce and refuse, as
things written with my hand, contrary to the truth which I thought in my
heart, and written for fear of death, and to save my life, if it might be: and
that is, all such bills, which I have written or signed with mine own hand since
my degradation: wherein I have written many things untrue. And forasmuch as
my hand offended in writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall
first be punished: for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned. And
as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his
false doctrine.'
The Lord Williams cried, 'Make short, make short.' And yet again he required
him to agree to his former recantation. And the bishop answered, (showing his
hand), 'This was the hand that wrote it, and therefore shall it suffer first
punishment.'
Fire being now put to him, he stretched out his right hand, and thrust it into
the flame, and held it there a good space, before the fire came to any other
part of his body; where his hand was seen of every man sensibly burning,
crying with a loud voice, 'This hand hath offended.' As soon as the fire got
up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying all the while.
Elizabeth I
• A politique – one who puts the religious
needs of the state above their personal
beliefs.
• She recognizes the issues of religion
but wants devotion to the state.
• Act of Supremacy reinstated but with
concessions to Catholicism
–
–
–
–
Ceremony
Altars
Vestments
Eucharist
• Act of Uniformity – one church - any
Catholic behavior was treason
• Book of Common Prayer and 39 Articles
• While all these professed Anti
Catholicism, there was very little
persecution as long as the offenders
were discreet
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Where does Protestantism
flourish?
Why?
Counter Reformation
“Empire Strikes Back”
• Religious orders
- Oratory of Divine Love
– Capuchins
– Ursulines
• Society of Jesus, 1540
– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
– The Spiritual Exercises
– 3 “SHUNS”
– Educa-shun were they successful? Support your answer
– Preven-shun were they successful? Support your answer
– Conver-shun were they successful? Support your answer
Revived Papacy (less corrupt)
– Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
• Reform commission
• Recognized the Jesuits
– Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
• Index of Forbidden Books
– Council of Trent, 1545-1563
• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic dogma
• Relics, saints, images, good works
• Theological seminaries
The Social Impact of the
Protestant Reformation
• Education in the Reformation
•
–
–
–
Scholasticism out humanism in
German gymnasium
Geneva Academy
Jesuits as educators
• The Family
– Positive view of family relationships
– Place of women
• Religious Practices and Popular Culture
– Decline of superstition
– Reform of social practices
– Puritans