Transcript The Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance and
Reformation
• This PowerPoint presentation goes with
the Mastering the TEKS in World History
book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran.
• Unit 4, Chapter 11
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Important Ideas
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End of Medieval Europe
Renaissance
Humanists
Gutenberg
Great Schism
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Reformation
Secular Rulers
Martin Luther
The Waning of the Middle Ages
The Hundred Years’ War (1337- 1453)
The Great Famine (1313-1322)
Heavy rains led
to flooding
Crops spoiled
and livestock
drowned
Why would the people
question the church about the
famine?
People questioned
the church as to
why this was
happening
Work animals
and seed grain
was eaten
Farm
prices
increased
by more
than 6
times
Millions died
The Black Death (1347-1351)
Rats on trading
vessels from Asia
brought the
plague to Europe
How did the
bubonic
plague help to
end the feudal
system?
Some blamed the Jews for
poisoning the wells. Others
said God was punishing
man for his sins.
1/3rd of the European
population , 25 million
people, died.
This created a labor
shortage in towns. Serfs
left the manor to fill
positions in the towns.
The Hundred Years War (13371453)
King of England
claimed the French
throne when the
French King died
without an heir
England v.
France
Both sides used
professional
standing armies.
This strengthened
both sides royal
power
New weapons
were used such
as the longbow,
gunpowder, and
cannons
How did standing armies help
to end the feudal system?
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
European Kings and the
Pope often clashed over
the right to appoint
Bishops, and the control of
church lands, and the
ability to tax the church.
1305 a French Pope moved from
Rome to France and was greatly
influenced by the French king.
1378 an Italian Pope moved
the Papacy back to Rome.
So the French cardinals
elected a French Pope.
Now there were two Popes.
1409 the Church Council
elected a third Pope. All
of this greatly weakened
the Church.
1417 the Church
Council deposed the 3
Popes and elected a
new one
How do you think
this helped to end
the Middle Ages?
The End of the Middle Ages
The Great Famine
1313-1322
The Black Death
1347-1351
?
The Great Schism
1378-1417
Which of the following correctly completes the flow map above about the end of the
Middle Ages?
A.Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on a church door in Germany.
B.Johann Gutenberg’s moveable type leads to the spread of new ideas.
C.Artists, writers, and scholars become less interested in religious ideas and more
interested in secular ones.
D.The French throne was left vacant and the English king claimed the throne leading to
the Hundred Years War.
ANSWER:
D
The Renaissance
The Renaissance
means “Rebirth”
• Renewed interested
in learning about the
classical civilizations
of Greece and Rome
• Began in Italy in the
1400s
• One of the great
turning points in
Western history
Center
of Trade
Revenue
from across
Europe
came to the
Pope in
Rome
Commerce
center
WHY ITALY?
Banking
Center
Wealthy
Italian
merchants
and nobles
supported
artists,
writers, and
scholars
Italy had no
single ruler to
hamper their
independence
Ancient
Roman
civilization
surrounded
the Italians and
inspired them
People began
to take an
interest in
secular life
(world) instead
of the afterlife
The Artistic Impact: Painting and
Sculpture
• Artists during this
period tried to show
lifelike people in
three-dimensional
space.
• Artists tried to add
shadows and other
realistic effects to
make the painting
look more lifelike.
Lamentation; Giotto di Bondone
The Artistic Impact: Painting and
Sculpture Masaccio
Giotto (12671337) one of the
1st artists to try
make his painting
lifelike with use of
shadows and
emotions and
gestures.
(1401-1428)
used
perspective
to show
distance in
his paintings.
Leonardo di
Vinci (1452-1519)
artist, sculpture,
and inventor.
Used shadows
and blurred lines
to make lifelike
paintings.
Michelangelo
(1475-1564)
sculpture and
painter. His
sculptures were
very realistic. His
works glorified the
human form
Marriage at Cana, Giotto di Bondone
Tribute Money, Masaccio
Describe
theSupper,
works Leonardo di Vinci
The Last
of art. How are the
similar? How are
they different?
Pieta, Michangelo
The Artistic Impact: Architecture
• Renaissance Style
– Abandoned pointed
arches and ornamentation
of the Gothic Middle Ages
– Used columns and
circular arches of ancient
times
• Filippo Brunelleschi
developed a dome for
the cathedral in Florence
that had an immense
interior space.
Brunelleschi's
dome for the
Duomo of
Florence, Santa
Maria del Fiore
The Intellectual Impact:
Scholarship and Literature
• Humanists: artists that
placed great emphasis on
dignity, worth, and
uniqueness of each
person.
• Some authors wrote
about secular things such
as the pleasure of the
senses and how to
behave in society.
• Writers studies ancient
texts from Greece and
Rome.
What does
literature tell
us about a
society?
Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July
19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch,
was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the
earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called
the "Father of Humanism".
The Political Impact
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote
the Prince. This was a
guidebook on how to
maintain political power.
• He said that a ruler
should do whatever he
could to maintain power.
“The end justifies the
means.”
• As the church grew
weaker, rulers began
strengthening their power
with professional armies
and increased taxes.
How do you think
the rulers of
Europe felt about
this book? What
about the
Church?
The Economic Impact
• People began to try
and improve their
material and
economic conditions.
• Trade increased as
the wealthy began to
buy more and more
luxury goods such as
clothes, food, wine,
How did the end of the
and furnishings.
feudal system affect
1514 Quentin Metsy; The Money
trade?
Exchanger and His Wife
The Intellectual Impact: Science
and Technology
• The Church taught that
the Earth was the center
of the universe.
• Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1543) Polish
scientist who concluded
that the Earth orbited the
sun.
• Galileo Galilei (15641642) Italian scientist laid
the foundation for modern
physics. Use a telescope
to study Copernicus’
theory. Was put on trial
by the Church for
opposing their views.
Why would the Church
not want scientists to
publish their findings?
Gutenberg’s Revolution in Printing
• In Europe books were
handwritten, usually by
monks.
• Johann Gutenberg
developed a press with
movable type in 1450.
• This allowed the mass
production of books.
• This encouraged people
to learn how to read and
spread new ideas.
How would the rulers of Europe have felt
about this invention? The Church?
Merchants? The average person?
The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation
• The Catholic Church
– Some areas had become
corrupt
– Many priests entered the
priesthood to gain power
– Priests had more church
positions than they could
handle
– Some priests had secret
wives and families
– Priests were more like
secular princes than
spiritual leaders
– Priests sold indulgences
or money to pardon you of
your sins.
The Church used money from the
sale of indulgences to help build
St. Peter’s Basilica.
Is the sale of indulgences
right or wrong? Justify
your answer.
1517 Luther posted 95 Theses on a church
door in Germany. In these he challenged
the Pope’s right to sell indulgences.
•Martin Luther
(1483-1546)
Augustinian
Monk
Why was
the
Church
opposed
to
Luther’s
ideas?
Luther founded the Lutheran church
and encouraged people to read the
bible. He translated the bible into
German.
The Pope
excommunicated
Luther and the
Holy Roman
Emperor had him
banned as an
outlaw in
Germany
Several German
princes
protected
Luther since
they like the
idea of not
sending money
to the Pope
John Calvin
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
said that since God was
all knowing it was
predestined who would
go to heaven. God gave
faith to some and not to
others.
• Calvinists encouraged
hard work and a strict
moral code. They saw
worldly success as a sign
of God’s favor.
How do you think the
Catholic church reacted to
his ideas?
Counter Reformation
• The Catholic Church’s
response to
Protestantism
• Council of Trent: the
church redefined some of
its beliefs and ended the
sale of indulgences
• The Church banned
Protestant books
• The church created the
Inquisition, a court that
punished heretics (those
who denied Church
teachings)
What impact did the
Protestant Reformation
have on the Catholic
Church?
The Political Impact of the
Reformation
• Protestant Areas
– Northern Germany
– Holland
– Scandinavia
• Catholic Areas
–
–
–
–
France
Italy
Spain
Southern Germany
• England
– Henry VIII created his own
church when the Pope refused
to give him a divorce
– He seized all church lands and
declared himself head of the
English church
What impact
might Henry
VIII’s act have
had in other
areas?
The Political Impact of the
Reformation
• 30 Years War
– Between Catholics
and Protestants in
Germany
– 1/3rd of German
population was killed
• The Reformation
strengthened the
power of secular
kings and queens
The Artistic and Economic Impact
• Artistic
– Catholic artists painted
art to glorify God
– Protestant artists
showed the beauty of
God’s world
• Economic
– Pope no longer received
as much money
– Stimulated growth in
Northern Europe since
they no longer sent
money to the Pope
The Baker’s Cart, 1656
Jean Michelin (French 1616-1670)
Explain the impact of the
Protestant Reformation on
Europe.