Transcript Renaissance

Objective 25: Describe the reason the
Renaissance began in Italy.
1.Thriving cities
2.Wealthy merchant class (Medici)
3.Classical heritage of Greece and
Rome
Objective 26: Define the terms Renaissance,
Humanism, Vernacular, and Secular.
Terms of the Renaissance
• Renaissance: means, re-birth or birth of the
modern world.
• Humanism: Study of classical texts that focuses
on human potential and achievement.
• Vernacular: One’s native language.
• Secular: Worldly and concerned with the here
and now (separate from the church).
Characteristics
1. Realism and
Expression
2. Linear Perspective
3. Classicalism
4. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
5. Light and Shadowing
Person: Johannes Gutenberg
• Work: Invented the
Printing Press
• Other Information:
Gutenberg Bible
finished in 1455 (first
full sized book printed
with movable type).
1. What did the printing press do
for the world in the 16th
Century?
2. What does the printing press
remind you of in OUR world?
Person: Leonardo da Vinci
• Work: Mona Lisa,
Last Supper,
Virtruvian Man
• Other Information:
the Renaissance man
Person: Desiderius Erasmus
• Work: Praise of Folly
• Other Information:
Humanist
Indulgence:
“Now for a long time popes, cardinals, and
bishops have eagerly sought to rival and
even to surpass the establishment of
princes.” (money, money, money)
Criticizing Society:
“Doctors…in that line of business the more
ignorant, rash, and brainless he is, the more
he is esteemed.”
Asleep:
“The mind of man is far more attracted by what
is fictitious, than by what is true…consider
sermons in churches…if something serious
is being spoken, all are asleep nodding their
heads appearing thoroughly bored. But if
the bawler (blah-blah-ing orator) begins to
relate some old yarn (story)...everyone sits
up and drinks it in eagerly.”
Person: Thomas More
• Work: Utopia
• Other Information:
Humanist
Person: Machiavelli
• Work: The Prince
Person: Medici Family
• Work: Merchant
Family who
purchased a lot of art.
• Other Information:
patrons of the arts
Person: Michelangelo
• Work: Sistine Chapel Ceiling,
Sculpture of David, and St. Peter’s
Basilica
• Other Information: Painter, Sculptor,
architect
Person: Raphael
• Work:
School of
Athens
Person: Shakespeare
• Work: Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo
and Juliet
• Other Information: Playwright
and Poet from England
Renaissance Art
• Lifelike:
– Looked realistic
– Artists studied the body
• Perspective:
– Had depth
– 3D
• Emotion:
– Revealed artist’s feeling
• Sometimes Secular
– Sometimes non-religious
Roman Catholic Church
• For centuries the Roman Catholic Church had little
competition.
• The church’s influence over peoples lives began to
weaken because the people began to criticized the
Church for some of its practices.
– Pope possessed luxury goods
– Priests were immoral
Roman Catholic Church, Cont’d
• Reformers urged the church to change its ways
– Example: Humanists (Erasmus and Thomas
More)
Role of the Printing Press
 Growth of literacy was stimulated
by the Gutenberg printing press.
 The Bible was now printed in
common languages (not just Latin)
 English
 German
 French
 These factors had an important
impact on spreading the ideas of
the Reformation and Renaissance.
Luther Challenges the Church
• In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther
protested the actions of a Church official.
• Luther’s main complaint was that the Church
officials were selling indulgences
Indulgence: by
paying money
to the Church,
people thought
they could
achieve
salvation (get to
heaven)
Beginning of the Reformation
• Luther posted his 95
Theses protesting the
sale of indulgences and
other actions
• Reformation: a
movement for reform
that led to the founding
of new Christian
churches.
Martin Luther’s Views and Actions
• Views: Salvation (getting to heaven) by faith
alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all
humans equal before God
• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant
Church
What effects did Luther’s
protest have?
• The Lutheran Church started around 1522
– Luther’s ideas were rejected by the Pope and Holy
Roman Emperor.
– Luther’s ideas were accepted by many
Protestants
 1529, German princes who
remained loyal to the pope
agreed to join forces
against Luther’s ideas.
 Princes who supported
Luther’s ideas protested
against this agreement
 This is where we get the
term “Protestant,”
meaning Christians who
belonged to nonCatholic churches
John Wycliffe and John Huss
• Views:
– Called for Church reform
– Bible had more authority than the
Church leaders
– Denied the Pope had right to worldly
power
• Actions:
– Wycliffe: first to translate the Bible into
a vernacular language
– Huss: preached in the vernacular
(language of the people) not in Latin!
Martin Luther
• Views:
– Salvation by Faith Alone
– Bible as the ultimate
authority
– Humans equal before
God
• Actions:
– 95 Theses
– Birth of the Protestant
Church
John Calvin
• Views:
– Predestination
– Faith revealed by
living a righteous life
• Actions:
– Expansion of the
Protestant Movement
Henry VIII
• Views:
– Dismissed the authority of
the Pope in Rome
• Actions:
– Divorced
– Broke with Rome
– Headed the National
Church of England
Queen Elizabeth I
• Views:
– Tolerance for others
• Actions:
– Anglican Church becomes
national church in British
Isles
– Expansion and colonialism
– Victory over the Spanish
Armada (1588)
The Catholic Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola
• Wrote a book of daily devotions.
– Spiritual Exercises
• Formed a group of followers.
– Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Jesuits (the Society of Jesus)
• Three main goals
1. Build schools based on classics
and theology.
2. Convert non-Christians to
Catholicism.
– Sent out missionaries
3. Stop Protestantism from
spreading.
– Stopped it from spreading in parts
of Germany and Poland.
Pope Paul III
1. Had the cardinals
investigate indulgences.
2. Approved of the Jesuits.
3. Inquisition to punish
heresy.
4. Council of Trent
Council of Trent
• Declared the following.
• Church interpretation of the Bible was final.
• Christians need faith and good works for
salvation.
• The Bible and the Church were equally
powerful authorities.
• Indulgences were valid, but false ones were
banned.