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1517-1560s
1. The current evolution vs. “intelligent design” debate has roots
in early modern period
• Christianity achieved global presence for first time
• Scientific Revolution fostered different approach to the world
• continuing tension between religion and science in the
Western world
2. Early modern period was a time of cultural transformation
• Christianity and scientific thought connected people
• Scientific Revolution caused new cultural encounter
between science and religion
• science became part of the the modern global world
3. Europeans were central players, but did not act alone
 a protest to reform the Roman Catholic Church which
turned into a
 religious revolt against the power of the pope and the
church teachings
 Summary:
 RCC faced internal problems
 Renaissance spirit encouraged Martin Luther to challenge
the church
 RCC fights back in the Catholic Counter-Reformation
 Reformation will have social, political, and economic
effects

RELIGIOUS REASONS:
1. Popes were more worldly than religious; bishops acted like nobles rather
than servants of God; monks not completing their religious duties
2. Selling of indulgences by the church (money paid to be forgiven for sins)
3. Decline in morality and values and increase in corruption in Church
4. Teachings of the church
5. Interpretation of the Bible
6. Kings objected to papal taxes; opposed political and economic goals of the
RCC;
7. national revenues going to church did not benefit kings directly
8. Power and wealth in direct contrast to teachings of Bible--> living like kings
and nobles
9. Simony and Nepotism= selling of church positions and appointing relatives to
positions
10.Great Schism= 1377-1417, fight and ultimate split over election of the Pope
hurt prestige of church
 POLITICAL:
1.
2.
Kings resented the pope’s claim of supremacy and interference in
politics
Nationalism increased caused the Pope (in Italy) to be looked at
as a foreign rule
 ECONOMIC:
1.
2.
Kings resented the wealth and taxes, property of the church
Business people resent ban on USURY(interest)
 INTELLECTUAL:
1.
2.
Renaissance spirit encouraged people to think and question
leads to support of the people
Invention of the printing press and VERNACULAR (local)
language spread ideas quickly
1.
2.
This is the main reason Luther was able to convert people!!
COMMUNICATION AND SPREAD OF WORD
1. 1517- Luther (German monk) was troubled by the
church selling of indulgences so he wrote the 95 Theses
and hung them on the church door
2. 1520- Pope Leo X issued a BULL (an official statement)
threatening excommunication unless Luther recanted.
Luther refused and was excommunicated.
3. 1521- sent to Worms, Luther stood trial. King issued
EDICT OF WORMS declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic
4. 1522- Luther returned to Wittenberg -new separate
religious group known as the LUTHERANS
5. 1524-25- Prince’s army crushed peasant revolt-many
turned away from his religious leadership
6. 1529- Prince’s loyal to pope agreed to join forces
against Luther’s ideas. Princes who supported Luther
signed a protest against that agreement and became
known as PROTESTANTS
Lutherans
Catholics
Salvation- justification by faith
Salvation- good deeds, sacraments,
INDULGENCES
Bible- can be interpreted by each
individual and written in vernacular
Bible- only Pope could interpret Bible,
written in Latin
Priests- lead secular life and free to be
married; regular people run church
business
Priests- celibacy, chosen by God
Religious authority- Bible is final word,
NOT the Pope
Religious authority- Pope is final word
1.
Reformation spreads to Switzerland
 Who was John Calvin?
 leader of Protestant center, French law student who was more
interested in religion than law.
 disagreed with idea of salvation-PREDESTINATION (God had
 determined who would be saved even before time began
 left France in 1534 and went to Switz. and published book of his
beliefs (Institutes of Christian Religion)
 followers became known as CALVINISTS and controlled
Geneva town council
 Belief in PREDESINATION-God willed eternal damnation
for some people and salvation for others
 stressed education, cannot where bright colors, read Bible
daily,
 cannot dance, drink, play cards, listen to music, and cannot
know the future
2. Reformation spreads to England
Who was King Henry VIII?
1. Complicated man, wrote pamphlet against Martin Luther and his ideas
2. Married Catherine, Queen of Spain(daughter of Isabella and Ferd.) after she
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
married Henry’s older brother who died
1527- fell in love with another women Anne
Catherine of Aragon could not produce heir so he married Anne Boleyn
Divorce not permitted by Catholic Church, asked for annulment birth of
Anglican Church which becomes the puritans (pilgrims)
Henry was excommunicated when Arch Bishop granted him a divorce from
Catherine (would get married 5 more times)
Act of Supremacy in 1534- made Anglican Church of England independent
from the Pope, with king at its head
Protestantism will become the official religion of England due to
Queen Elizabeth I- daughter of Anne (never marries and has no children )
 Puritans- English Calvinists
 Huguenots-French Calvinists
 Presbyterians-Scotland
1. Catholic Counter Reformation
Churches response to the PR
2. Two Goals:
1. Stop the spread of PR and win back areas that have gone Protestant
2. Strengthen church and reaffirm church dogma
1. Loyola-Jesuits to win back Poland and Hungary
2. Holy Inquisition-Spain and Italy
3. Council of Trent- series of meetings called by pope to strengthen dogma
and church
1.
I. ended church abuses-indulgences, simony, and nepotism
II. higher standards for clergy
III. Reaffirm
(a) Pope is supreme
(b) only church can interpret Bible
(c) salvation achieved by faith, good works, and sacraments
1. Ended religious unity in Europe under the Catholic Church
1. Left German states divided between Lutheran in the north and Catholic in the south
2. Helped encourage education, reading, and thinking
3. As power of the Church weakened it in increased the power of the kings and middle class
4. Political and religious wars broke out between 1550-1650
1. Spanish Armada, 1588-Spanish vs. English
1. Cause-King Philip wants to increase power and bring Catholicism back to Spain
2. Result- England wins, stays Protestant
2. Huguenots War-civil war in France
1. Cause Huguenots and Catholics over who would control throne
2. Result-Henry IV takes throne after converting to Cath. Beginning of Bourbon
Dynasty; EDICT OF NANTES-protected liberties of Huguenots-allowed Protest. And
Cath. To live together
3. Thirty Years War- German states, France, Sweden, Denmark vs. Spain and Austria
1. Cause-Emperor Ferdinand II tries to increase power of Habsburg Family (ruling in
Holy Roman Empire)
2. Result1. Peace of Westphalia-prevention of Habsburg from dominating Europe
2. Peace of Augsburg- Germany remains divided between Protest. North and
Cath. South
3. Hundreds of small German states remain independent
4. Ended unity of Holy Roman Empire
1. The Reformation was a movement to
a. reorganize gov’t control in northern Europe
b. reform practices of the Roman Catholic Church
c. destroy the old economic system of feudalism
in France
d. increase the power of the Pope
2. In the 95 Theses, Martin Luther protested all of the
following except:
a. sale of indulgences
b. translation of the Bible into German
c. simony
d. nepotism
3.All of the following are true of the Act of Supremacy
except:
a. made the Anglican Church independent from
the Pope
b. made the king of England head of the Anglican
Church
c. created an English Papacy
d. was passed in 1534
4. The Counter Reformation did all of the following
except:
a. led to the excommunication of Martin Luther
b. reaffirmed the supremacy of the Pope
c. led to the founding of the Society of the Jesuits
d. destroyed the Protestant movement
Which situation is considered a cause of the other three?
(1) Religious unity declines throughout Europe.
(2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins.
(3) The power of the Roman Catholic Church
decreases.
(4) Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses.
Which action could be considered an effect of the
Protestant Reformation?
(1) posting of the Ninety-five Theses
(2) decline in the power of the Roman Catholic
Church
(3) sale of indulgences
(4) end of religious warfare