Transcript Western_Civ_7

An outpouring of creativity that began in the 1300’s and
changed the course of Western Civilization.
 Remember that your projects are due on Week 14.
 This is November 26 (Wednesday) or 27 (Thursday).
 I’ve changed the grade structure of this class to the
following:
 50% Semester Project
 50% Final Examination
 What were the great turning points? What made us a
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modern political and socially liberal society?
6 Big events:
1) Renaissance (Humanism)
2) Centralized Nation-States
3) Discovery of America
4) Printing Press; knowledge dissemination
5) Protestant Reformation
6) Rational and Scientific Revolutions
 We begin with Reformation.
 Renaissance is often considered
one of the great “turning points” in
the history of Western Civilization.
 It featured a new interest in
learning about the classical
civilizations of Greece and Rome.
 What was the Renaissance and why
did it happen?
 What were some of the new ways of
thinking during the Renaissance?
 Who were some of the key people
and contributions of the
Renaissance?
 Location – centrally located in the
Mediterranean Sea region
 As trade increased, Italian cities
became centers of banking,
commerce, and industry
 Merchants and nobles acted as
patrons
 Supported artists, writers, and scholars
 Powerful leaders (because no single
ruler had united the Italian peninsula)
 Secularism (non-religious) – increased as people
began to show greater interest in this world rather
than the “here after”
 Reason – used observation and experience to
explain the world rather than Christian teachings
 Humanism – emphasized dignity, worth, and
uniqueness of individuals. (man is the focus of all
things)
 Christian Humanism – a movement in northern
Europe that promoted reason through Christian
teachings
 Artistic
 Intellectual
 Political
 Economic
 Science and Technology
 What? Rebirth of Classical Learning and Culture
 Where? Northern Italy
 Why? Patronage
 Who?
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Raphael
 Individualism
 Renaissance Man
 Rebirth of thought
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Ancient Greek & Roman traditions & teachings
Architecture, science & medicine
Education, Philosophy & Gov’t - (Humanities)
Art & Literature
 How do you think?
 Critical approach – question everything!
 Why the humanities are important (grammar, lit & hist)
 How do we get better?
 1st Clash of Science & Religion
 Catholic Church dominated
 More people learned the greater the conflict b/w science
& religion
 Italy 1300’s
 Why Italy?
 Ancient ruins reminded
Italians of greatness
 New cultures means
new information
 Asia, Africa & the
Byzantine
 Thirst for knowledge
 Trade & Industry
 Florence, Milan, Naples,
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Rome & Venice
Citizens were wealthy
and educated
Merchants & bankers
Wealthy became
patrons of the Arts
Wealthy should provide
for artists – educate
everyone
Pay artists
Education
Important/
Critical
Approach
Should
Lead a
Meaningful
Life
Admiration
for
Individual
Achievement
Renaissance
Thought
Supporting
the Arts
Belief in
Human
Dignity
 Medieval vs. Renaissance
 Perspective: brought
realism to paintings
 Depth on canvas –
distance
 Da Vinci – 1452-1519
 Architect, engineer,
painter, sculptor &
scientist
 Science helped his
painting
 Last Supper & Mona Lisa
 Johannes Gutenberg –
1450
 1st printing press (Mainz,
Germany)
 Used to print books – 1st
was Bible
 1475 used all over
Europe – spread
humanist ideas
 Reformation: religious revolution in western Europe
 Income > salvation
 Popes are warriors & politicians
 Vices took precedence over morality
 Humanists response:
 Withdraw and rebuild
 1st Break – Germany
 Core of HRE – 300
independent states
 Indulgences: pardons for
punishment from sin
 Originally a reward
 German states: no
restriction to sale of
indulgences
 The Reformation- in historical context—is an historical
phenomenon.
 Big watershed event in Western Civilization; along with
Classical antiquity, Jesus Christ, Mohammad, English
Common Law and the Constitution of the United States.
 May seem relatively unimportant today, but without the
Reformation “justification by faith” and ‘Grace’ would be
tied to iconography, politics, and human intervention.
 Monk – search for
salvation
 Revelation: good deeds
don’t matter
 Inner faith in God only
thing that matters
 “Justification by grace
through faith”
 95 Theses – 1517
 Public challenge of
indulgences
 Indulgences, by the time of Luther, was a fairly
common practice;
 If a church could have a greater relic than others,
it had more favor with God.
 Luther disagreed on two counts—it was only a
material example of ‘Good works’ which was not
efficacious alone;
 It transferred too much money and power to the
Viennese bankers and the Pope, or Rome.
 Major issues with the Church
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Bible is sole religious authority
Ceremonies could not make up for sins
Popes & Bishops could not tell people what to believe
Priests no role in salvation
 1521 Pope Leo X declares Luther a heretic
 Excommunicated
 Charles V (HREmp) – Imperial Diet
 Luther an outlaw
 Banned printing and sale of works
 Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony)
 Hides Luther
 Translates Bible to German
 Spread quickly – German
princes est Lutheran states
 Charles V: 1546 sent armies
against Protestant princes
 Peace of Augsberg 1555:
 German rulers could
establish any religion for
their state
 Subjects didn’t like it they
could move
 Sects: new religious groups –
no organized churches
 No authority, discipline,
membership or rules
 Gathering of like minded
individuals w/preacher
 Anglican Church – England
Henry VIII
 England leaves church b/c
Henry wants a divorce
 Leave wife (Catherine of
Aragon) for lady in waiting
(Anne Boleyn)
 Parliament passes new church
of England – king as the head
 Married 6 times – 1 son
Edward VI
 John Calvin – Switzerland
 1536 – The Institutes of the
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Christian Religion
Faith in the Bible
Predestination – God
already decided who will
be saved
“The elect” – community
followed highest moral
standards
Geneva – theocracy: gov’t
ruled by religious w/god’s
authority
Outlaw on Vices
 Hugenot:
 French nobility that
converted to Calvinism
 1/3 became Calvinists
 Civil War – Hugenots vs.
Catholics 1562
 1598 Henry IV – Edicts of
Nantes
 Freedom of worship /
political rights
 Puritanism – form of
Calvinism
 Counter (Catholic)
Reformation
 Attempt to return the church
to emphasizing spirituality
 Clarify church doctrine
 Campaign to stop
Protestantism
 Pope Paul III 1534-1549
 Inquisition – question
“heretics”
 Keep Catholics in the church
 Pope Paul IV
 Index of Forbidden Books
 Books that were harmful to
faith and morals
 1545 Church Leaders meet in
Trent
 Met during 3 periods from
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1545 – 1563
End abuses of indulgences
Discipline within the clergy
Emphasized the need for
ceremonies
People must depend on priests
b/c God grants forgiveness
through the church
Salvation comes from
ceremonies & faith
Every person has free will
 Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Ignatius de Loyola –
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founder 1534
1540 Pope Paul III
recognizes Jesuits as an
official order
Followers Vows: chastity,
poverty & obedience to the
pope
Most effective in spreading
Catholicism
Stressed education
Combined humanist
values w/Catholic doctrine
 1530’s – mid 1600’s
 Religious wars in France,
Germany, Netherlands &
Switzerland
 Interest in Education
 Jesuits worked to strengthen
faith in school
 Protestants believed people
found the Christian faith by
studying the bible
 Reading and literacy become
important
 Gov’tal Power Increases
 Gov’ts, like England, took
responsibility for church
leadership
 Papal powers decreased
 Martin Luther
 95 Theses
 Complaints:
 Indulgence
 People should read the Bible themselves
 Declared a heretic
 Diet of Worms
 Edict of Worms
 Jesuits
 St. Ignatius of Loyola
 Education and stop spread of Protestantism
 Council of Trent
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The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final.
Christians need faith and good works for salvation.
The Church’s power was equal to that of the Bible.
Indulgences were a valid expression of faith.
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Changes encouraged by the reformation:
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The Church no longer united Europe.
Monarchs of Europe became more powerful.
Groundwork laid for the rejection of the ideas of Christianity
by western civilizations in the future.
Set the stage for modern western civilization.
Martin Luther and the Reformation
 Attracted to East for silks and spices
 Desire for wealth and adventure
 Religious zeal- save souls
 Gold, Glory and God
 Begin by trading
 Armed conflict- Europeans had cannon
 Set up trading partners- some stay to protect partners
and Europeans
 Made alliances with local leaders
 Developed mercantilism- trade centered
around Home Nation
 Purpose was to serve the homeland weather it was
slaves, furs, cotton, fish, spices, tobacco, gold or silver.
Colonies improved the lives of Europeans greatly.
 In the Americas
 More intermarriage by Spanish /Portuguese and French
 Disease was devastating. Measles, influenza, smallpox
 Violence common
 Africa- completely dominated by Europe- only one
independent country Ethiopia
 Southeast and Asia- French in Vietnam, British in
Burma, Spanish in Philippines, Dutch in Indonesia
 India- French and British compete- British win
out, not independent until 1948
 South America- Spanish dominated: Others joined
( French, Dutch, British, and Portuguese) too
 Better maps, follow coasts at first, used compass
 better ships- square sails and new hull design, heavy
enough to carry canon
 use of astrolabe- magnetic compass sail by stars
 knowledge of wind patterns
 First the Portuguese (Prince Henry) then Spanish,
France and England
 Prince Henry- 1460t looking for trade and an ally
against the Muslims/ Congo
 Diaz- made it to Cape of Good Hope 1488
 Vasco de Gama- went in search of Christians and
spices- arrived in India
 1510 Portuguese flags in Goa, India and Macao, China
 believed had to be a short cut by sailing west
 Columbus- (Genoan) went west 1492
 arrived in Caribbean thought it was the Indies thus the
west Indies Magellan- around the world
 East and West divided- Pope drew a line Spain and
Portugal
 Begin by trading
 Armed conflict- Europeans had cannon
 set up trading partners- some stay to protect partners
and Europeans
 made alliances with local leaders
 Dutch and English less apt to become involved with
culture/religion
 developed mercantilism- material from colony-
buy finished products form Europe.
 Portuguese- trade with Africa- To Portugal as servants
than to Brazil to work on plantations
 Africans less susceptible to European diseases that
Native Americans
 But death rate was high 13-30% just on the trip
 African middlemen active- depopulate entire areas of
Africa- food from Americas helped increase birthrate
 Very important to Europeans- made food palatable
 Portuguese again led the way
 Spain in the Philippines- stayed till 1898
 Dutch East India Company very aggressive- competed
with British East India Company
 Both dominated the East Indies and India
 Question accepted beliefs
 Use observation and data to draw conclusion
 Scientific Method
 Geocentric Theory
 Ancient Greeks and Church
 Heliocentric Theory
 Nicolas Copernicus
 On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres
 Galileo Galilee
 The Starry Messenger
 Isaac Newton
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Humanism and prosperity challenged the feudal
class system .
Monarchs gained more power of nobles and the
Church.
Christian Humanism and a greater emphasis on
education encouraged Christians to turn to the Bible
rather than the Pope as the authority on Christian
life and behavior.
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What was Niccolo Machiavelli’s background?
When did he write The Prince?
How did he describe his approach to politics?
What advice did he have for princes? What
might be the benefits of his advice? What might
be the disadvantages of his advice?
What was his opinion of the citizens?
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To whom did Leonardo da Vinci send this letter?
What was the purpose of the letter?
Da Vinci is often described as the quintessential
Renaissance man (a man with many interests
and talents). Based on this letter, how did he fit
that description?
Which of his talents did he emphasize? Why?
 Art before the Renaissance was greatly influenced by
Byzantine styles
 Highly decorative
 Flat and not life-like
 Figures floated in space without shadows
 Sized of figures were based on importance, not where it
was placed in the picture
 Renaissance art featured new depth, dimension, and
perspective
 Early Renaissance Artists
 Giotto (1267-1337) – used scenes with
figures in lifelike space, realistic
shading, showed emotion and gestures,
and figures receding in space grew
smaller
 Massacio (1401-1428) – used perspective
(guidelines to calculate how things
recede in the distance) and other
realistic effects
 Leonardo Da Vinci
 Michaelangelo
 Rafael
 Donatello
AKA: NINJA TURTLES
 The epitome of the “Renaissance Man”
 Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist
 Dissected human bodies
 Kept a notebook of designs (machine gun,
helicopter, etc.)
 Last Supper, Mona Lisa
 Sculptor and artist
 Paintings and statues were startlingly realistic
 David, Pieta, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
 Studied ruins of buildings from
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ancient Rome
Abandoned Medieval styles (pointed
arches, ornamentation)
Used columns and circular arches of
the classical period
Demonstrated technical achievements
of applying reason
One of the most famous architects was
Filippo Brunelleschi
 Scholarship and Literature
 Petrarch – the “Father of Humanism”: collected and
studied ancient texts
 Erasmus – questioned the Church and used satire to
criticise
 More authors wrote on secular (non-religious)
subjects
 Boccaccio wrote in the Italian vernacular
(local language, not Latin)
 Rabelais (French), William Shakespeare
(England), and Cervantes (Spain) also wrote
in their native languages
 Writers described the dignity of man,
pleasures of the senses, and instructed
nobles in how to behave at court
 Science and Technology
 Copernicus – a polish scientist, concluded
that the Earth orbited the sun. His work was
banned by the Church (Church taught that Earth
was the center of the universe)
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) – Italian
scientist, studied motion and laid the
foundation for modern physics. Observed
the heavenly bodies with one of the first
telescopes and wrote about his belief in
Copernicus’ theory. Was charged by the Catholic
Church, ordered to appear before the Inquisition
in Rome, was found guilty and confined to his
home
 Johann Gutenberg (German printer)
 Developed a printing press with
moveable type
 Moveable type, a special press, and oilbased inks allowed the mass production
of printed books
 Encouraged the spread of new ideas
 Increased literacy
 Machiavelli – a courtier and politician in Florence
 Wrote “The Prince” – a guidebook in how to secure
and maintain political power
 Argued that the most successful rulers were not
those who acted according to laws or conscience, but
those who were willing to do whatever was necessary
to hold power (the end justifies the means)
 Wealthy Italian city-states, weakening of the
Church, and reasoning of writers led to the concept
of “reason of state”
 Rulers collected taxes, raised armies, hired
professional soldiers, and exchanged ambassadors
 People wanted to improve their material conditions
 Wealthy accumulated luxury goods
 Increased trade in a greater variety of products
(clothes, foods, wines, and furnishings)
 Continued growth of cities