Transcript Chapter 15: Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 13: Renaissance and
Reformation
• By the 1300s, the population in Europe had
decreased dramatically.
• This allowed farmers to produce more food
than they needed.
• The cost of food declined, allowing people to
spend their money on other things.
• Renaissance= Rebirth
• Culture
• Politics
• Society
• Economics
• Instead of focusing on religion, as in Middle
Ages, focus was on the human experience.
What is the meaning of this statement?
• Birth of Humanism
What is humanism???
• They studied classical Greece and Rome to
comprehend their own times.
• Why???????
• They emphasized the humanities: rhetoric,
poetry, and history
• The ideas that led to a sustained period of
renewed interest in the arts, literature,
science, and learning became known as the
Renaissance.
• It started in Italy but quickly spread
throughout Europe.
• Some causes of the Renaissance include:
thriving cities, increased trade, wealthy
merchant class.
• Italy was a great source of wealth thus would
make it the birth place of the Renaissance.
Where would the wealth come from???????
Church and Trade!!!!!!
• Education started to
move away from the
Church and turned to
the classics: grammar,
poetry, history, Latin,
and Greek.
• This inspired the
Humanist movement.
• Emphasized individual
accomplishment.
• Italy went through a period where the Church
no longer served as the source of stability and
peace.
• People used a secular approach instead of a
religious approach.
• Humanists argued that
personal achievement
and education could be
fully expressed only if
people used their talents
and abilities in the service
of their cities.
• If a person was good at
many things he became
known as a Renaissance
Man.
• Niccolo Machiavelli,
believed men were,
“ungrateful, fickle, liars,
and deceivers.”
• Also believed rulers
should separate morals
from politics.
• A ruler must be
powerful and ruthless
in order to maintain
power.
• Science started to
challenge the Church’s
ideals.
• Nicholas Copernicus:
Sun was at the center of
the universe.
• Galileo Galilei: Earth
orbited the sun.
– Placed under house
arrest by the Church.
• Art was very important during the
Renaissance.
• Artists wanted to paint the natural world as
realistically as possible.
• Focused on the personality of figures.
• Famous artists: Leonardo da Vinci,
Michelangelo, and Raphael.
• Section 2: The Northern Renaissance.
• By the 1500s, there were
cities all over Europe.
• Mass trade networks arose
all over Europe.
• Johannes Gutenberg
developed first printing
press with moveable type in
the mid 1400s.
– First publication was the Holy
Bible.
•
•
•
•
• Northern Renaissance began in Flanders, a
thriving trading city.
Artists perused- Realism
Jan van Eyck a Flemish painter
Peter Paul Rubens- blended realism with the
bible and mythology
Albrecht Durer- German went to Italy, learned
engraving
• Before the printing press books were made by
hand.
• They were rare and expensive
• More books became available, so more people
could learn to read
• Europeans exposed top new ideas and places
Think about Joan of Arc
• Desiderius Erasmus was
a Christian Humanist
who wrote about the
need for a pure and
simple Christian life.
• Also wanted education
for children.
• Would be condemned
by the Roman Catholic
Church.
Dutch priest and humanist
• Desiderius Erasmus called for translation of
the Bible into venacular so more could read.
English humanists
• Thomas More called for social reform,
Utopian, or idea society.
Who would this anger?
English poet and playwright
William Shakespeare:
 37 plays
 Universal themes
 Complexity of the individuals, in everyday and
realistic settings.
 Used language that people understood and
enjoyed
• Thomas More was a
Christian Humanist
famous for writing
Utopia.
• It criticized the English
government and
society.
• Told of More’s vision of
a perfect society based
on reason.
• William Shakespeare was
probably the greatest
English playwright of the
time.
• His plays focused on the
lives of realistic characters
instead of teaching ideal
behavior.
• Famous works include:
Romeo and Juliet and
Othello.
• Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Why a Protestant Reformation?
• Catholic Church caught up in worldly affairs
• Popes led lavish life style
• Church increased fees for services
Questioning why Rome so far away should
control lives of so many so far away??????
• By the early 1500s, concerns over the Church
turned into a movement called the
Reformation.
• One of the biggest problems people had with
the Church was the selling of indulgences.
– Pardons issued by the pope for wrongs.
• John Wycliffe challenged
the Church.
• Believed the Church should
give up its possessions.
• He would be removed for
his views.
• When he died his bones
were crushed and thrown
into a river.
• Martin Luther nailed his
Ninety-Five Theses to the
door of a church in
Whittenburg in 1517.
• He was upset at the selling
of indulgences.
• Luther said that God’s grace
cannot be won by good
works, faith alone was
needed.
• Luther also said that the head of the Church
was Jesus and that Christians should be their
own interpreters of the scripture.
• Luther also translated the Bible into German.
• Priest sold indugences to rebuild St. Peter’s
Cathedral in Rome.
• Luther writes his 95 Theses, or arguments.
• Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, ordered
Luther to city of Worms.
• Luther refused to change his views.
• Thosands declare Luther a hero and
renounced the authority of the pope.
• Luther would be excommunicated by Pope
Leo IX in 1520.
• He was then summoned to the city of Worms
in 1521 by Charles V.
• Luther would not renounce his beliefs so the
Edict of Worms was issued.
– It called Luther an outlaw and condemned his
writings.
“At the heart of Luther’s doctrines were several
beliefs, including the idea that all Christians
have equal access to God through faith and the
Bible”
The printing press spread ideas throughout
Germany and Scandinavia
• By 1530, the followers of Luther had organized
a new branch of Christianity called
Lutheranism.
• In 1529, Charles V wanted to suppress
Lutherans in Germany.
• The people that went against Charles V were
called Protestants.
• John Calvin preached the
doctrine of predestination.
• This holds that God knows
who will be saved, even
before they are born.
• Calvinists viewed people as
sinful by nature.
• Church attendance should
be mandatory.
• John Knox founded the
Presbyterians in
Scotland.
• Anabaptists believed
that adults should be
rebaptized.
• Henry VIII became king
of England in 1509 at
the age of 17.
• Henry wanted a male
heir and kept killing his
wives until he got one.
• Had his marriages (6)
annulled and became
head of the Church of
England.
• Had a son in 1537.
Renaissance in the North
Printing Revolution
Humanists
Artists and Writers
Protestant Reformers
Protestant
Reformation
Chapter 15: Renaissance and Reformation
SECTION 4: THE COUNTER
REFORMATION
Henry VIII
• He and his wife Catherine of Aragon, had one
child, Mary Tudor.
• Henry wanted divorce.
• Pope said no. Henry had parliament pass a set
of laws that would take the power of the
English church from the pope.
• Thomas Cranmer appointed archbishop of the
new English Church
• Crammer annulled the king’s marriage
• Parliament passed the Act of Supremecy,
making Henry the head of the Church of
England.
• Ignatius of Loyola
founded a new religious
order called the Jesuits
in 1534.
• They emphasized
obedience to the
Church above all.
• Used education to fight
Protestantism.
• Pope Paul III started the Council of Trent in
1545.
• It addressed the abuses that had weakened
the Church.
• Four Doctrines would be agreed on
4 Doctrines
• 1. The Church’s interpretation of the Bible
was final.
• 2. Christians need faith and good works for
salvation.
• 3. The Bible and Church tradition were
equally powerful authorities in life.
• 4. Indulgences were valid expressions of
faith.
• Church officials established a Church court
called the Inquisition in 1542 to fight
Protestantism.
• Spanish monarchs set up their own Inquisition
in 1478 to impose religious uniformity on
Jews, Muslims, and Protestants.