Transcript PPT 5 - Weebly

Europe in Transition
Economic growth was the basis for the Renaissance
Northern Italy (centrally located) benefited from the
crusades and the spice trade
Renaissance started in Florence and follows the success of
the Medici family
Florentine merchants gained control of the papal banking
1397 Giovanni de’Medici founded the Medici Bank
Even marriage vows were business arrangements
The popolo (poor class) hated their position and used force
to take over the cities
The popolo could not retain power and were later
replaced by despots or oligarchies
Northern Italian cities were communes
Despots showed their wealth by patronizing the arts Medici
Individual had a loyalty to their own city-state
Five city-states dominated the peninsula: Venice, Milan,
Florence, the Papal State, and the kingdom of Naples
Cesare Borgia (Machiavelli’s hero and son of Pope
Alexander VI) tried to unite the peninsula
Northern Europe was uniting - Italy remained
fragmented
Signing and breaking alliances was common
Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious
awareness that Italians were living in a new era
One of the founders of this movement was Petrarch
The Renaissance was the light after the gloom of the
Dark Ages
The Roman Empire was the peak of human civilization
Artists of the Renaissance had contempt for medieval
predecessors
But most people lived exactly the same in the
Renaissance period as the medieval period
A new individualism appeared A deep interest in Latin, a revival of the antique
lifestyle, and a more secular spirit.
Humanism
The study of the classics became known as “new
learning” or “humanism”
Cicero considered this important for anyone who
considered himself civilized
Humanism emphasized:
a) human beings
b) human achievements
c) human capabilities
Italian humanism became more of an interest to lay
people
Italian Humanists
i) Deeply religious viewed the classics in a new light
ii) Skeptical of the authority of the classics because of
distance from the author
iii) Studied classics to understand human nature
iv) Very Christian - men and women were in God’s image
v) Rejected classical ideas that opposed Christianity but
sought a harmony between paganism, secularism, and
Christianity.
vi) Loved the language of the classics
Secularism
Concerned with the material world not the eternal
world
Lorenzo Valla On Pleasure defended pleasure also
wrote On the False Donation of Constantine
which weakened the pope’s authority.
Boccaccio Decameron about a worldly society.
Papal interests actually encouraged worldliness
NORTHERN
RENAISSANCE
Politics and the State
More of a blend of old and new
Much more religious than in Italy
Studied Greek and Hebrew texts for a greater
understanding of Christianity
Students from England, Holland, France, and Germany
went to Italy for the ‘new learning’
Northern humanists interpreted Italian ideas in terms of
their own traditions.
a) They were more religious
b) They stressed the Bible and early Christian themes
c) They developed an ethical way of life
d) Classical and Christian cultures should be combined
e) They had a profound faith in the human intellect
f) People could be improved through education
Northern Humanists
• In Germany:
• Western and southern Germany were economically
advanced
• 14th century - mystics like Thomas a Kempis
believed the human soul could communicate with
God
• They did not rebel against the Church but wanted a
deeper religion
In England:
• Thomas More was trained as a lawyer
• Deeply interested in the classics
• Entered government under
Henry VIII
• Wrote Utopia where all children receive a humanist
education
• More believed private property caused vices and civil
disorder
• Beheaded by Henry VIII for refusing to acknowledge
the supremacy of Henry in the Church of England
Low Countries:
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Erasmus had a deep appreciation for the classics
Most well-respected man in Europe
Influenced by John Colet in England
Wrote The Education of a Christian Prince and The
Praise of Folly
Criticized the abuses of the Catholic Church but
advocate reform not separation
Initially very supportive of Luther but soon distanced
himself from the Reformation
Two main themes:
1) Education is the means to reform
2) ‘The philosophy of Christ’ Christianity is an inner
feeling
‘new monarchs’
• A new breed of leaders - preferred security to love
• They used the monarchy to guarantee law and order
• The despots of Italy, Henry VII of England, Louis XI of
France, Ferdinand of Aragon
• All Machiavellian (but could not have read The Prince)
1) invested kingship with strong authority and national
purpose
2) Monarchy linked all classes of society within a boundary
3) Insisted on respect and loyalty
4) Ruthless oppressed rebellions and opposition
5) Loved the business of kingship
6) Tended to rely on the middle-class - new bourgeoisie
FRANCE
Charles VII revived the monarchy
i) expelled the English
ii) increased the influence of the middle class
iii) strengthened finances through taxes like salt (gabelle)
and land (taille)
iv) created first permanent royal army
v) by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) asserted
French Church supremacy over the papacy
vi) crown could appoint bishops
• His son, Louis XI (Valois) was a Renaissance prince
• Promoted industry
improved the army
signed international treaties
• The Estates General met only once during his reign
• 1516 Francis I signed the Concordat of Bologna which
rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction - king could appoint
bishops (keeping France Catholic)
ENGLAND
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Decimated by the Black Death
The Tudors (1485-1603) won War of the Roses
They passed laws against nobles having standing armies
The monarch did not depend on government for money
so much more independent
• Royal Council (Star Chamber) was the center of
authority
The Royal Council handled the king’s business including
arranging marriages.
Aristocratic threats were dealt with by the Star Chamber
Star Chamber used Roman Law and methods to enforce
the law
a) accused people were not entitled to see the evidence
against them
b) sessions were in secret
c) torture was often used
d) there were no juries
The Tudors promoted peace and order
Henry VII (1485) rebuilt the monarchy
Ruled through unpaid officials
a) he encouraged trade
b) built up the merchant fleet
c) crushed an invasion from Ireland
d) secured peace with Scotland (his daughter Margaret
married the Scottish king)
SPAIN
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married
(1469) and united the regions
They ruled through ‘hermandades’
Restructured the royal council - excluded the rich and
powerful
The church was the linchpin of the reform.
Alliance with the Spanish pope Alexander VI Spanish
monarchs gained great power and a national church
reconquista (1492) - expulsion of the Jews and Moors
from Spain
lasted over 100 years
Conversos- Jews that converted
Moriscos - Christians of Moorish background
Marranos - Christians of Jewish background
inquisition - the ruthless court that decided if conversos
were telling the truth
later used against the Protestants
Ferdinand and Isabella expelling all Jews from Spain had
major economic consequences
Absolute religious orthodoxy and pure blood were the
foundation of Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter Joanna married
Philip. Their son was Charles V, the Holy Roman
Emperor.
Charles V - the ‘Universal Monarch’
Germany
• Part of the Holy Roman Empire
• Local lords recognized the supremacy of the Emperor,
who was elected by 7 Electors
• 1452 Archduke of Austria (Habsburg) was elected
Emperor Maximilian I (1493-1519)
• He married the heiress of the Duke of Burgundy
• Their son, Philip married Mad Joanna, daughter of
Ferdinand and Isabella
• Their son was Charles V
Politics
The Prince - Machiavelli
For Machiavelli the test was a ‘good’ government was
an effective government.
Machiavelli’s work rests on two principles:
1) Permanent social order reflecting God’s will is
impossible
2) Politics should be considered a science.
• Johann Gutenberg changed the course of history with
the movable print. Printing made propaganda possible
and forced people into groups i.e. church and state or
Crown and nobility.
• Printing stimulated literacy of lay people.
Women
The status of upper-class women declined
women generally had less power than in the Middle Ages
Renaissance humanism represented an educational
advance for a small minority.
Women had to choose marriage or education
Education brought jealousy and envy
Girls in the upper-class were taught how to dance, paint,
and play music - they were decorative
Women belonged at home
Educational opportunities were severely limited
Literary and art works had no effect on ordinary
women
Women were a sign of wealth.
The Italian and Christian humanists denounced the
corruption of the Church
a) clerical immorality
b) clerical ignorance
c) clerical pluralism
At the village level priests were not much better off than
peasants
Government officials were often rewarded with clerical
positions
Many priest had concubines, drunkenness, gambling, and
elaborate dress were common
Many priests could barely read or write
Christian humanists condemned the ignorance of the
Church
The Church held a large portion of European wealth
Popes were just as corrupt:
Innocent VIII made the papal court the gossip of Europe
Alexander VI publicly acknowledged his mistress and
children
Julius II led an army against France
Europe was still deeply religious and many groups i.e.
“The Brethern of Common Life” wanted reform
The Lateran Council did recommend changes - but there
were many obstacles
Martin Luther would force the issue
• Born in East Germany from peasant stock
• Almost hit by lightning became religious
• Entered the strict Augustinian monastery against his
father’s wishes
• Disillusioned with the Church questioned good works:
prayers, fasting, etc.
• The Tower Experience read Apostle Paul’s letter to the
Romans
• “The just shall live by his faith” if people had faith God
will save them
• Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg hired John Tetzel to
oversee the collection of funds
• Luther openly criticized the abuses of Indulgences
• October 31, 1517, he posted his 95 theses on the Castle
Church in Wittenberg
• Spread without Luther’s knowledge.
• Reasons for success:
a) Germany resented papal power
b) Distance from Rome
c) Lack of central authority to mediate the dispute
• Pope Leo X did not take the threat seriously he thought
Luther would disappear
• The Augustinians championed reform and supported
Luther, the Dominican attacked Luther’s views.
• Church opinion was espoused by Tetzel
• Diet of Augsburg demanded that Luther recant.
• Luther refused and even criticized the pope
• The church wanted to banish Luther but he was
protected by Frederick the Wise
• Under increasing pressure Luther’s views became
more critical
• Luther: a) defended the radical martyr Hus
b) Proclaimed the Bible was the supreme authority
c) Appealed to the German nobles to stop the abuses of
the church
d) Recognized good work but emphasized faith
• The pope gave Luther 60 days to recant Luther burned
the papal bull
• Luther appealed to the Holy Roman Emperor to hear
the argument at the Diet of Worms
• Luther refused to modify his views and said “Here I
stand. I cannot do otherwise”
• Luther was abducted an placed in Wartburg Castle for
his own protection
• Philip Melanchthon implemented Luther’s ideas
• Luther was not a revolutionary
• Knew the Church would not change
• Concerned with issues of the soul
• Equality of all people before God
Luther believed:
• salvation comes by faith alone
• religious authority resides in the Bible and is open to
interpretation
• the church is a community of believers
• all vocations are equal in the eyes of God
• there are only 2 sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s
Supper
• the importance of marriage
• a women’s place was in the home
Luther gained wide support among the peasants but they
misunderstood him
Business people envied the church and disapproved of
the clergy’s lifestyle
But Luther meant independence from the Roman
Catholic Church not simply freedom
Still religion was a public matter
Very few believed in religious liberty
Humanists validated Luther’s words
While Luther’s translation of the Bible into German
made it an issue of nationalism
• In the Habsburg-Valois War, Catholic France supported
Protestant Germany against Catholic Spain
• The Peace of Augsburg (1555) officially recognized
Lutheranism and each prince could decide the religion
of his territory
• cuius regio eius religio
• Northern Germany -Protestant
Southern Germany - Catholic
• The Protestant movement proved a disaster for
Germany
Calvinism
• John Calvin was the person most responsible for the
spread of Protestantism
• About 20 years younger than Luther
• Started in Geneva – a theocracy
• Absolute rule by Calvin and the Consistory
• Institutes of Christian Religion
• Did not believe in free will
• Predestination
• The Calling – Protestant work ethic
• Michael Servetus burnt at the stake
• Spread to Scotland, France, England and America
ENGLISH
REFORMATION
The King’s Great Matter
• English humanists had been wanting reform
• 1509 Henry VIII became the king aged 18
• Henry was strongly Catholic and had been trained as
a priest
• The pope gave him the title Defender of the Faith
• Luther called him a “lubberly ass”
• Was given special permission from Pope Julius II to
marry Catherine of Aragon
• Catherine had been his brother’s wife
Catherine of Aragon
• Daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
• Catholic
• She had five daughters, only Mary survived
• Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant a divorce
• Charles V was Catherine’s nephew
1. Leviticus – divorce not an option
2. Charles V was in Rome
3. Lutheranism
4. Papal infallibility
• The “matter” took six years
• Denied an annulment of marriage
• Henry issued The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533),
which made the king supreme head of England
• The Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534), clergy
must submit to the monarch
• The Supremacy Act, (1534) made the king head of the
Church of England
• Separated Church of England from the Roman
Catholic Church
• Thomas More and John Fisher refused and were
beheaded
• Catherine still remained loyal to him and the
Catholic faith
• The king could now remarry
Anne Boleyn
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Maid of honor to Catherine
2nd wife and most famous wife
Bore him a daughter
Elizabeth I
In 1536, charged Anne of adultery
Beheaded on May 19, 1536
• Henry dissolved the monasteries and kept the wealth
• Sold the land to his friends
• The Pilgrimage of Grace proved the whole country was
not willing to change
Edward VI
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Only son of Henry
His mother died of child bed fever
Became king at nine
Had been tutored by Protestants
Died from several sicknesses in 1553
Mary Tudor
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Became queen after Edward died
Devoted Catholic
Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”
Married her cousin Philip II of Spain
Very unpopular
Elizabeth of York
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Became queen of England in 1558
Protestant, but tolerant
“Elizabethan Settlement” required conformity
Thirty Nine Articles became the basis of the Anglican
Church
SCOTLAND
• Did not follow the English model
• Mary Queen of Scots allied with the French
• Scottish nobles supported the Protestants and
John Knox
• Knox persuaded Parliament to end papal
supremacy in Scotland
• Established the Presbyterian Church of
Scotland
The Catholic Reformation
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Also, known as the Counter-Reformation
Began in 1517 in response to calls for reform
Didn’t really have an affect until the 1540s
Catholic Church wanted to persuade dissidents to return
to the church
The Lateran Council (1512) had told Julius II to reform
the church
Adrian VI wanted reform but he was Dutch
Popes resisted reform because they feared a loss of
power and revenue
Pope Paul III Council of Trent in 1545
• The council met sporadically until 1563
• Decided:
a) 7 sacraments
b) Bishops had to reside in their dioceses
c) Suppressed pluralism and simony
d) Churches had to establish seminaries
e) The Index of Prohibited Books
• Great emphasis was placed on discipline
• The Council did not meet expectations but it did correct
the church
• New religious orders appeared, such as the Jesuits and
the Ursuline nuns
• These orders emphasized strict Catholic dogma to lift
up the spiritual condition of the clergy and laity
• The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) was founded by
Ignatius Loyola and emphasized education
• The Ursuline order was only for women