Transcript The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant
Reformation
Chapter 17 Sections 3 & 4
Essential Questions



What were the characteristics of Northern
Renaissance (Christian) Humanism?
What were the chief ideas of Lutheranism,
Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism?
What role did politics play in the creation
and spread of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes of the Reformation



Renaissance ideas
(humanism, glorification of
the individual)
The Catholic Church after
the Middle Ages was
weaker (plague, political
control)
Printing press (allowed
information to spread faster,
allowed lay people to read
the Bible for themselves)
Northern Renaissance
(Christian) Humanism



Taken from Italian Renaissance
humanism’s study of the
classics
Goal was to reform Christendom
Desiderius Erasmus



Studied original Christian texts
Handbook of the Christian Knight –
Christianity should show how to live,
not be rules to get saved
Praise of Folly (1511) – criticized
popes
Corruption of the Church

Renaissance Popes (1450 – 1520)





Pluralism = 2 popes
Absenteeism
Indulgences


Worried about Italian politics (Papal
States)
Financial problems (buying art)
Selling salvation to raise revenue
People wanted a more meaningful
religious experience
Martin Luther






Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483)
Studied law until deciding to
become a monk
Never felt that God would accept
him
Studied the Bible
Came to a new idea –
justification by faith
Salvation was not through good
works, but through faith
Martin Luther vs. the Church

Selling of indulgences angered Luther



Pope Leo X was trying to raise money to
rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
Johann Tetzel was the local bishop in
Wittenberg
Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517)



Wittenberg, Germany
Attack on the church and the sell of
indulgences
Printed copies spread throughout Germany
Luther vs. the Holy Roman Empire


Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther in Jan. 1521
Diet of Worms (1521)



Edict of Worms




Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) – orders Luther to
recant (take back)
Luther refuses
No one in the empire is allowed to give food or shelter to
Luther
All of his books were to be burned
Frederick the Wise of Saxony gives Luther protection
1522 – Luther returns from exile and finds that he has
gained followers
Lutheranism

The Lutheran Faith developed as a new
Christian Church




Peasants’ Revolt (1524)




Peasants demand an end to serfdom (inspired by
Christian reformers like Luther)
Luther sided with the princes to keep peace
Luther loses support of many peasants
German religious wars



Translated New Testament into German
Salvation through faith alone (not through the church)
Bible is only source of religious truth
Some princes sign an agreement with Charles V to fight
against the Lutherans
Some princes sign an agreement to fight Charles V &
the Catholic Church (Protestants = protested the
church, get it)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Each German prince would decide the religion of their
area
English Religious Reform

Henry VIII – wanted a male heir

Catherine of Aragon – daughter Mary



Asked pope for a divorce, pope
denied
Henry turns to Parliament for help


Nephew was Charles V of HRE
Act of Supremacy (1534) – King became
head of English church, not the pope
New Church called the Church of
England or Anglican Church

Church keeps most Catholic traditions
English Religious Reform

Henry’s Wives



Edward VI



Sickly, dies in his teens
Protestant reforms put in changes to the
Anglican Church
Mary (“Bloody Mary”)



6 wives = 1 son
Check out the timeline on pages 492 –
493
Returned England to a Catholic a nation
Burned Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I

Protestant who re-established the
Anglican Church


Puritans – “purify” the English church
You may have heard of these guys,
many moved to America!
Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism)



Huldrych Zwingli (1484 –
1531)
Like Lutheranism – salvation
through faith alone
Different


Wanted a theocracy (church citystate) in Zurich
Zwingli’s forces defeated by
Catholics
Swiss Reforms (Calvinism)

John Calvin



Born in France in 1509
Studied theology, law, and humanism
Wrote The Institutes of the Christian
Religion



Predestination – belief that God is all
powerful and predestined those who
were saved
Geneva – began to reform as a
theocracy
Calvinism Spreads


John Knox – spreads ideas to Scotland
(Presbyterians)
Huguenots in France

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Anabaptists




Did not want states to have power over religion
Favored by middle and lower class
Adult baptism, all members equal
Separation of church and state


Would not hold political office or fight in the army
Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants


Forerunners of Mennonites and the Amish
Influenced the Quakers and Baptists
Catholic Reformation



Ignatius of Loyola’s teachings
become the foundation of the
Society of Jesus
Followers called Jesuits
3 Goals



Create schools to teach classical
studies and religion (Georgetown
& Loyola in America)
Missions to spread Catholicism
(missionaries sent around the
world)
Stop the spread of Protestantism
Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)


Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
 Church’s interpretation of the Bible
was final
 Need faith and good works for
salvation
 Bible and Church were equally
powerful authorities
 False selling of indulgences was
banned
Pope Paul IV – has forbidden books
burned
Effects of the Reformation

Religious



Political


New denominations and churches flourish
Catholics Church becomes more centralized
Decrease of church power leads to the formation
of the modern nation-states
Social

Questioning of the church leads to the
Enlightenment