Transcript Renaissance and Reformation

Vocabulary
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Patron
Humanism
Humanities
Perspective
Vernacular
Utopian
Indulgence
Predestination
Theocracy
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Annul
Canonize
Compromise
Scapegoat
Ghetto
Heliocentric
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
Gravity
Renaissance and Reformation
Mid 1300’s to Mid 1600’s
Michelangelo
38
Henry the Navigator
The Renaissance in Italy
• *Begins in Italy
–Center of Roman history
–Wealthy powerful merchant class
•Stressed education and individual achievement
• *Changed the way people view themselves
and their world
– Interested in Classical learning
– Explore “here and now”
Medici in Florence
• Banking, mining, wool
and others
• Money equals power
• *Lorenzo “The
Magnificent” financed
the arts ‘Patron
1449 - 1492
Whoever wants to be happy, let him be so:
about tomorrow there's no knowing
*Humanism
First important humanist
• Focused on worldly
subjects
• Studied Greek and
Roman culture
• Renaissance man
found himself
suspended between
faith and reason.
Petrarch was crowned poet laureate in Rome in
1341, and was a classical scholar, diplomat,
historian and philosopher
1304-1374
The Arts…Reflected Humanism
*Realism
The style of art in which the
artist strives to make the
painted scene look as real
and natural as possible.
*Perspective
Creating the illusion of space
and distance on a flat
surface such as a canvas
or wall
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
*Sfumato… misty
atmosphere
Painter
*Perspective
Inventor
Scientist
MICHELANGELO di
Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
Sculptor
Painter
Architect
1475-1564
Sculptor
Pietà
1499
Marble
Moses 1515
Marble
David 1504
Marble
Painter
The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Completed between 1508 and 1512
Last Judgment
1536 - 1541
Architect
Raphael
1483 - 1520
“The Prince of Painters."
Madonna del
Cardellino
1507
Stanze in the Palazzi Pontifici,
Vatican
The School
of Athens
1509
Renaissance Architecture
•*Adopted arches, columns and
domes from Rome and Greece
•*Michelangelo’s dome on St.
Peter’s church was used on the
U.S. Capital
Literature – How to books
*Book of the Courtier
by Baldassare Castiglione
(1478-1529)
• Men, well educated
and mannered, mastery
in sports to poetry
• Women, graceful and
kind but reserved. Pure
but not prudish
*The Prince
by Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
• How to gain and maintain
power
• Ends justify the means
Summary
Write at least four sentences summarizing
your notes.
Renaissance in Northern Europe
(1500-1615)
Begins…after the plague
Albrecht Durer (German Leonardo)
In the prosperous cities of
Flanders
The rest of Europe
followed 100 yrs later
St Anne with
the Virgin and
Child
Flemish painters
Hubert van Eyck
• Portrayal of towns
people and religious
scenes.
•Developed oil paint
Pieter Bruegel
Country Wedding
Erasmus
Northern Humanists
(1469 - 1536)
• *Stressed
education
and classical learning
like Italy
• *Also emphasized
religious themes not
like Italy
•Translated the Bible into
Greek and Latin
•Wanted to translate it into
everyday language
•Called for reforms in the
church
Sir Thomas More
More coined the term
"utopia" which is a pun
meaning both "good
place" and "no place."
Literature in the North
*Started writing for the common people using their language
Rabelis
Shakespeare
•Wrote stories about •Wrote 37 plays about
social problems and
Giants
political power
Cervantes
•Spanish mocked
medieval chivalry
with Don Quixote
The printing press
Technology
•By 1300's paper making
•By 1400's movable type
*Impact
•1456 Johann Gutenberg
printed the bible using metal
moveable type
•Books were cheaper
•By 1500, more than 20
million books were printed
•Knowledge level increased
•By 1600, 200 million were in
circulation
•Literacy rate began to go up
•People were exposed to new
ideas
Summary
Write at least four sentences summarizing
your notes.
The Protestant Reformation
*Abuses in the Church
• Involved in worldly
affairs
• Lavish lifestyle
• The sale of
indulgences
*Many northern
humanists stressed
returning to the simple
ways
• Bible study
• Exposed Church
abuses
• Rejected pomp and
ceremony
Martin Luther
Posted 95 Theses
• A list against indulgences
– Printed and distributed all
over Europe
• Excommunicated in 1521
• Went into hiding
• Became a hero to
thousands
1483 - 1546
*Luther’s Teachings
• Justification by faith
• Bible was the only source of religious truth
• Rejected church priesthood saying all who believed had the
priesthood
• Rejected five of the seven sacraments
• Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayer to
saints
• Abolished elaborate ritual and ceremony
• Allowed clergy to marry
*Protestants...those who
protested papal authority
John Calvin…Set up a theocracy in
Geneva
• Salvation through faith alone
• *Predestination…Saints and sinners
• Stressed hard work, discipline, thrift,
honesty and morality
• Spread to Germany, France,
Netherlands, England and Scotland
Other Reformation Ideas
*Anabaptists
• Rejected infant baptism
• Some sought radical social change
• Abolition of private property
Mennonites and
Amish have
their roots in
Anabaptists
• Most were peaceful and law abiding
Stressed the fact that salvation is a gift from God; yet, they also
taught that it is a conditional gift, which can be taken away from the
disobedient
Henry VIII
BORN: 28
JUNE 1491
SUCCEEDED:
21 APRIL 1509
DIED: 28
JANUARY
1547
Shortly after becoming king,
Henry VIII took Catherine of
Aragon as his bride.
• *Henry VIII sought annulment,
pope said NO
• Henry fights back
– Stirred up English feelings against
the pope
– *Took over the church in England
• 1536 to 1540 closed all convents
and monasteries
– Seized their land
– Gave it to his supporters
• *Creating The Church of England
The Wives of Henry VIII
X
Jane
Seymour
Anne Boleyn
Anne
X
Kathryn
Howard
Katherine
Parr
Tudor History
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary
Elizabeth I
Catholic Reformation
*1530's and 1540's Pope
Paul III
• Revive the moral
authority of the church
•Appointed reformers to
key posts
*Inquisition
• Church court to root
out heresies
• Index of forbidden
books
*Council of Trent 1545
• Reaffirmed traditional views
• Bible was not the only source
of God’s word
• Stiff penalties for corruption in
the clergy
• Established new schools to
educate the clergy
*Results of the Catholic
Reformation
The church regained
some of it’s former
power
Europe remained divided
• Protestant north
• Catholic south
Ignatius Loyola…Jesuits
Religious fever spread over
Europe
• Protestants against Catholic
• Both against radical groups like
Anabaptists
*Jews in Europe
• Spain kicked them out
• Italy put them in ghettos
• Germany made them wear a
yellow badge
First "official" ghetto
established in Rome in
1555
Wore a yellow star
• Luther wanted them expelled
and their synagogues/books
burned
•Dutch Calvinists took them in
Summary
Write at least four sentences summarizing
your notes.
The Scientific Revolution
Renaissance
and the
Reformation
looked back
Science
looked forward
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473 - 1543
• *Proposed a heliocentric
or sun-centered universe
•Most experts disagreed
•*Believing in the
Church supported
Ptolemy’s theory of earth
centered
There is no one centre in the universe.
The Earth's centre is not the centre of the
universe.
The centre of the universe is near the sun.
The distance from the Earth to the sun is
imperceptible compared with the
distance to the stars.
The rotation of the Earth accounts for the
apparent daily rotation of the stars.
The apparent annual cycle of movements of
the sun is caused by the Earth revolving
round it.
The apparent retrograde motion of the planets
is caused by the motion of the Earth
from which one observes.
Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler
*Observed and
recorded heavenly
bodies for years
•*Used Brahe’s data and
mathematically proved
Copernicus right.
•Also proved elliptical
orbits
*Galileo Galilei
• Assembled the first
astronomical telescope
• First to see sunspots,
mountains and craters on
the moon, moons of Jupiter
• He was brought to trial in
1633 on heresy charges
1564-1642
On 31 October 1992, the Catholic
Church admitted that errors had
been made by the theological
advisors in the case of Galileo
*Isaac Newton & Robert Boyle
1627-91
1642-1727
Proved gravity
• Explained the difference between
elements and compounds
• Explained the effect of temperature
and pressure on gases
Other Scientists
Andreas Vesalius and da Vinci
• Dissected human bodies and drew detailed drawings of them.
Ambroise Pare
• Pioneered stitches to close a wound
Bacon and Descartes thought truth came after a long investigation
• *Descartes..Emphasized human reasoning “I think therefore, I am”
• *Bacon…Emphasized experimentation and observation
*Scientific Method
• State the problem
• Gather information of the
problem
• Form a hypothesis
• Experiment to test the
hypothesis
• Record and analyze the data
•State a conclusion
•Repeat
Summary
Write at least four sentences summarizing
your notes.
ALL DONE