Transcript New Ideas and New Art

New Ideas and New Art
Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618
Chapter 17, Section 2 Objectives
• After this lesson, students will be able to:
– explain how humanists studied the Greeks and Romans,
and the printing press spread humanist ideas.
– describe how Renaissance art and ideas spread from
Italy to Northern Europe.
Renaissance Humanism – page 619
• humanism – the belief that the individual and
human society are important
• Petrarch – famous scholar of ancient Roman
writers
Changes in Literature – page 620
• use of Latin declined, replaced by the vernacular
(the everyday language that people speak in an
area)
• Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy (story of
the main character’s trip from heaven to hell)
• Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales
The Printing Press Spread Ideas – page 620
• Johannes Gutenburg –
developed a printing
press with movable
metal type
– books became more
common = ideas spread
more quickly
– most works were religious
in nature
How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621
• curiosity
• Leonardo da Vinci –
(Italian) one of the best
scientists and artists of
the Renaissance
– amazing mind who was
truly ahead of his time
How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621
How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621
How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621
Artists in Renaissance Italy – page 623
• religious works
• perspective – method that makes a drawing or
painting look three dimensional
• chiaroscuro – artistic technique using light and
shadows to soften edges
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
• three most famous painters of the Renaissance:
– Leonardo da Vinci
– Michelangelo Buonarroti
– Raphael Sanzio
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
• William Shakespeare –
English playwright who
wrote comedies and
tragedies
– Julius Caesar
– A Midsummer Night’s
Dream
– Romeo and Juliet
– Hamlet
– MacBeth
The Reformation Begins
Chapter 17, Section 3, page 633
Calls for Church Reform – page 634
• the Reformation – movement to reform the
Catholic Church; led to the creation of
Protestantism
• Why?
– the Church’s focus on wealth (palaces and fine art)
– nepotism among high-ranking Church officials
– selling of indulgences (a pardon from the Church for
a person’s sins)
• more appropriately – the more complete payment of the debt
owed to God
– other reasons
The Church Upsets Reformers – page 634
• the selling of indulgences
– money needed to repair the church of St. Peter’s in
Rome
– payment depended on your station in life
– Johann Tetzel
Who was Martin Luther? – page 635
• Martin Luther – young monk who challenged the
Roman Catholic Church
–
–
–
–
legend of his youth
internal religious conflict leads to intense prayer
problems: good works vs. faith, indulgences
Ninety-Five Theses on the church door
• 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of
penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
• 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the
blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God,
even without letters of pardon.
Who was Martin Luther? – page 635
Revolt Leads to New Churches – page 636
• Church did not take Luther seriously at first
• later Luther was excommunicated
• creation of a new denomination (organized
branch of Christianity) – Lutheranism (first
Protestant denomination)
– Lutheranism –
• faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation
• Bible is final source for truth about God
• the church consists of all members (no pastoral
mediation)
Peasant Revolts – page 636
• abhorrent working conditions
• following example?
• Nobles brutally crushed peasant revolts of the
1520s.
Politics and Lutheranism – page 639
• One reason Protestantism survived because
some of Europe’s kings supported it to further
their own agendas.
– Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) vs. The German
kingdoms (various princes)
– some princes chose Lutheranism to undermine Charles
V
– Charles V couldn’t subdue them
– Peace of Augsburg: choices
Calvin and Calvinism – page 640
• John Calvin – founder of
Calvinism
– similarities to Lutheranism
– belief in predestination –
belief that the outcome of
people’s lives are already
determined by God
– belief that people should
choose their own church
leaders
Catholics and Protestants
Chapter 17, Section 4, page 642
Objectives
After this lesson, students will be able to:
– explain how Catholics and Protestants fought each
other.
– explain how Henry VIII created a Protestant church in
England.
Counter-Reformation – page 643
• Counter-Reformation – Catholic attempt to
convince people to return to the Catholic
Church
– Council of Trent
• rules on the behavior of Church officials
• establishment of a seminary – a special school for training
and educating priests
Religious Wars in France – page 644
• Catholics vs. Protestants
• 1562 – civil war erupts
• Huguenots = French Protestants led by Henry of
Navarre, head of the Bourbon family (Henry IV)
• Henry IV agreed to become Catholic to rule France
• Edict of Nantes = Catholicism was France’s official
religion, but gave Huguenots freedom
What Was the Thirty Years’ War? – page 645
• Thirty Years’ War – considered worst religious
war of the Reformation era.
– Holy Roman Empire
– Protestant revolt in Bohemia
– England, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands join in on the
side of the Protestants; Spain and the H.R.E. for
Catholics
– Spain weakened; France empowered
The English Reformation – page 648
• Henry VIII – married six
queens, imprisoned and
beheaded people, founded
the Church of England
(Anglican Church).
– Henry and his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon
– no male heir
– Henry vs. the Church
– Henry made his own church
– Henry and his women
Who Was Bloody Mary? – page 649
• Edward VI
• Mary I
– Catholic
– daughter of Catherine of
Aragon
– tried to return England to
Catholicism – failed
• Elizabeth I – Protestant
queen who became one
of the greatest rulers in
English history