Transcript Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance
Chapter 13
The Renaissance in Italy
Section 1
Francesco Petrarch
Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence
Lorenzo Medici
Perspective
da Vinci
Michelangelo
Pieta
Sistine Chapel
Raphael
Baldassare Castiglione
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Renaissance in the North
Section 2
The Printing Revolution
• Johann Gutenberg printed
the first complete edition of
the Bible using a printing
press with movable type.
• Before the printing press,
only a few thousand books
existed
• By 1500, 15 to 20 million
books existed.
The Printing Revolution
• Printed books were
cheaper
• More people learned to
read
• Access to knowledge
• New ideas and new
places.
Northern Renaissance Artists
• Flanders—A region that included parts of
present-day France, Belgium, and the
Netherlands.
Flemish Painters
• Jan van Eyck was an
most important
Flemish painter
– Portrayed townspeople
• Patrick Bruegel or
“Peasant Bruegel”
– Painted scenses of
peasant life
• Peter Paul Rubens
– Portrayed themes in the bible and classical
history.
Durer: “Leonardo of the North”
• Albrecht Durer was affected by the
Renaissance of Italy.
• In 1494 he traveled to Italy to study the
Italian masters.
• Applied painting techniques to
engraving—artists etches a design on a
metal plate with acid and used the plate to
make prints
Northern Humanists and Writers
• Desiderius Erasmus wrote
texts on a number of subjects
and used his knowledge of
classical languages to
produce a new Greek edition
of the Bible.
• Translated the bible into the
vernacular
– Helped spread the
Renaissance to a wider public.
Sir Thomas More’s ideal Society
• English humanist, Sir
Thomas More, pressed
for social reform
• In Utopia, More
describes an idea
society in which men
and women live in
peace and harmony.
Rebelais’s Comic Masterpiece
• French humanist Francois Rabelais wrote
Gargantua and Pantagruel which
chronicles the adventures of two gentle
giants
• A comic tail of travel and war.
Shakespeare Writes for All Time
• Between 1590 and 1613, the English poet
and playwright Shakespeare wrote 37 plays
• His work explored the Renaissance ideals
• Characters speak in language that common
people can understand and appreciate.
The Protestant Reformation
Section 3
95 Thesis
Pope Leo X
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
John Calvin
Geneva, Switzerland
Reformation Ideas Spread
Section 4
An Explosion of Protestant Sects
• As the reformation grew, so did Protestant
sects.
• Some sects had radical ideas
– Rejecting infant baptisms
• Anabaptists sought radical social change
– Abolish private property
• Most Anabaptists were peaceful
-Called for separation of church and state
The English Reformation
• King Henry VIII broke
English ties with the Catholic
Church
• Henry wanted a divorce from
his wife Catherine of Argon
but Catholic law does not
permit divorces.
• Pope refused to annul the
marriage.
Breaking with the Church
• Henry decided to take over the Catholic
Church in England
• He appointed Thomas Cranmer
archbishop of the new church and he
annulled the King’s marriage.
• Henry married Anne Boleyn which gave
birth to a daughter Elizabeth.
Breaking with the church
• In 1534 Parliament passes the Act of
Supremacy, making Henry “the only
supreme head on Earth of the Church of
England”.
Strengthening the church of
England
• Henry closed Catholic monasteries and
convents.
• Took their land and give it to nobles and
other high ranking citizens so secure their
support for the new Anglican Church.
• Although under a different name, Henry
kept most catholic forms of worship.
Religious Turmoil
• When Henry died his 9year-old son Edward VI
took the throne.
• He took steps to make
England a true
Protestant country.
Religious Turmoil
• When Edward dies
his half-sister Mary
Tudor became queen
and was determined
to return England to
the Catholic faith
The Elizabethan Settlement
• When Mary died the throne
passed to 25-year-old
Elizabeth who compromised
between Protestant and
Catholic practices.
– The church preserved
much catholic ritural but
became a firm Protestant
nation
The Catholic Reformation
• During the 1530’s and
1540’s, the pope Paul
III set out to revive the
moral authority of the
Church and roll back
the Protestant tide.
Council of Trent
• Pope called on the Council of Trent in
1545 which reaffirmed the traditional
Catholic views that Protestants had
challenged
• The Council also took steps to end church
abuses
– Penalties for corruption among the clergy.
Founding the Jesuites
• In 1540 the pope recognized a new
religious order, the society of Jesus, or
Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
• Spiritual and moral discipline, rigerous
religious training, and absolute obedience
to the Church
• The Jesuits embarked on a crusade to
defend and spread the Catholic fiath
worldwide.
Legacy of the Catholic Reformation
• By 1600, the majority if Europeans
remained catholic.
• Church abuses were reduced as charity
flourished
Widespread Persecution
• Both Catholic and Protestants fostered
intolerance and persecuted radical sects
like Anabaptists, people they thought were
witches.
• Between 1450 and 1750, tens of
thousands of women and men died as
victims of which hunts
Witch Hunts Persecution
• Women were usually accused of being
witches.
• Witches practiced magic with the aid of the
devil, thus witches were seen as antiChristian.
Persecuting Jews
• In Italy, Jews were pressured to convert to
Christianity.
• In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a
separate quarter of the city called the
ghetto.
• When the Reformation began and Jews
refused to convert, Luther called them to
be expelled and for their synagogues to be
burned.
The Scientific Revolution
Section 5
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo
Scientific Method
Robert Boyle
Isaac Newton