Transcript Religion Politics and War

Religion,
Politics
and
War
th
16
&
th
17
centuries
France Adopts Catholicism
• France is broke due to Hapsburg-Valois
Wars
• Signs Concordat of Bologna
– Gives pope authority in France
– King (Francis I) got to appoint citizens to
papal positions
– King would inherit money from the church
– Explains why France didn’t adopt
Protestantism- a political & economic move
Francis I
Religious Discord in France
• Due to church corruption, Luther and Calvin’s
ideas became popular in France
– Calvin’s ideas were most popular, he wrote in French
• French monarchy was weak
– Didn’t pay attention and allowed conversion
• Many French citizens converted out of rebellion
and spite due to church corruption
• Violent clashes between Catholics and
Protestants (Huguenots) occurred often
French Violence Intensifies
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
(8/24/1572)
– Catholic attack/murder by Henry of Guise on
Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny
– Led to the War of the Three Henrys, more
religious fighting
• Henry of Guise (Catholic)
• Henry of Navarre (Protestant, Bro-in-law to king)
• Henry III (Catholic King of France, moderate)
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
War of the 3 Henrys
Henry of
Navarre
(Henry IV)
Henry of Guise
Henry III
Some Religious Peace
• War of the Three Henrys ended with the murder
of Henry III and Henry of Guise
– Henry of Navarre emerges as Henry IV
• Politique: religious moderate group formed
during this time.
– Hoping for restoration of a strong monarchy
• Henry IV appeals to Catholics (even though he’s
Protestant)
– Signed Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of worship
to Huguenots
– He restored religious peace
Charles V: “Ultimate Catholic”
• Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)
• Inherited a large empire, too large to manage
• Was ultra-Catholic, but did allow his territory of
Flanders (part Belgium) to freely practice
Protestantism.
– The Flemish citizens loved him
• Charles stepped down (abdicated) to his
Spanish son, Phillip II who inherits most of the
H.R.E.
– Spain is a strong Catholic country…You know where
this is going…
Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor
Religious War Under Phillip II of
Spain
• The economy of Flanders suffered and riots
emerged under Phillip’s reign
– Many of the rioters were Calvinists who according to
doctrine, didn’t respect authority that was “wrong.”
– Phillip sent soldiers to stop the riots, 10 years of
fighting
– Protestantism was eventually crushed in the southern
provinces (Flanders/Belgium)
– Northern provinces (Netherlands/Holland) held out for
Protestantism. Signed Union of Utrecht in 1581
declaring independence from Spain. Phillip didn’t
back down.
Phillip II of Spain
England Enters the Game
• The n. provinces asked for help from their
Protestant neighbor, Elizabeth I of
England
– Remember: Elizabeth’s father (Henry VIII)
started the English Reformation in 1534 after
being denied a divorce from the pope
– Elizabeth helped for a few reasons: English
wool trade had declined, spread of
Catholicism was bad, & fearful of a Spanish
invasion of England
Elizabeth I of England
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
• Phillip II knew he needed to get rid of the English
if he was going to control the northern provinces
• He sent an “armada” or fleet of 130 ships to
meet the English in the English Channel.
(5/9/1588)
• The English brought 150 better ships
– Smaller and faster
– The Spanish were out-maneuvered and were
defeated
• Significant because it stopped Phillip II from
unifying his empire under Catholicism
– Phillip recognized independence of the N. Provinces
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
1588
Beginnings of the 30 Years’ War
1618-1648
• The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 tried to
allow some religious freedom in Germany
(part of the H.R.E.)
• Problem: Catholic and Protestant princes
fought over territory
– Alliances formed: Protestant Union (1608) &
Catholic League (1609)
– Fighting first erupted in Bohemia (Poland)
over closed P. churches. 30 Years’ War
Began!
4 Different Phases of War
•
•
•
•
1. Bohemian Phase: Catholic Victories
2. Danish Phase: Catholic Victories
3. Swedish Phase: Protestant Victories
4. French Phase: Protestant Victories
– French entered on the side of the Protestants
– Help with $
– Remember: The French are Catholic!
– Again, the French would do anything to keep
the H.R.E. weak!
The War Ends (Finally!)
• Lasted 30 years because no one had enough
resources to win a quick war
• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended religious
warfare.
– Turning point event in history
– N. Provinces (Netherlands) acknowledged
– Church steps back and from here on out, has a
limited role in European politics
• N. Germany emerges Protestant and S.
Germany Catholic