Transcript The Counter-Reformation (Catholic)

The Counter-Reformation
(Catholic)
St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
• Founded the Society of Jesus
or Jesuits in 1540s to lead
attack on Protestants
• Wrote Spiritual
Exercisesemphasized
spiritual practices of
Catholics
• “troops of the Pope”reCatholicized large parts of
Eastern Europe through
education
The Jesuits
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Served as advisors to kings
Established schools in Catholic nations
Sent missionaries to convert “the heathen”
Became the militant arm of the Counter
Reformation
Excerpt from Spiritual Exercises
“To arrive at complete certainty, this is the
attitude that we should maintain: I will believe
that the white object I see is black if that
should be the desire of the hierarchical
church, for I believe that linking Christ our
Lord the Bridegroom and His Bride the church,
there is one and the same Spirit, ruling and
guiding us for our souls’ good. For our Holy
Mother the church is guided and ruled by the
same Spirit, the Lord who gave the Ten
Commandments.
DQ: Spiritual Exercises
• How do the teachings of Ignatius of Loyola
differ from the Protestant beliefs of “salvation
by faith alone”?
Counter-reforms
• 1534 Paul III became pope,
attacked abuses, and
reasserted papal leadership
• Catholic Church began taking
steps to counteract successes
of the Protestants.
• Index of Prohibited Books
included works by Erasmus
and Galileo
• Papal Inquisition was revived;
heretics put to death for
beliefs
New Religious Orders
• The Ursulinesbring Catholic
education to girls
• Teresa of Avila founded Carmelites
(w/o shoes)life of service to God
• Oratory of Divine Lovegroup of
clergy looking to reform church and
lead a life of piety
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Centerpiece of Cath. Ref.enhanced the
power of the papacy
• Reforms: 1)limited indulgences; 2)mandated
a seminary for the education of clergy in every
diocese
• Emphasized traditional teachingsrole of
priests, faith and good works, and sacraments
• Baroque artmore intensely religious art
A Divided Christendom
Results of the Protestant Reformation
1. Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of
Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, Scotland) adopted
Protestantism
2. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered
3. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century
4. Protestant spirit of individualism encouraged democracy,
science, and capitalism
5. Protestantism, specifically Lutheranism, justified
nationalism by making the church subordinate to the state
6. 1555—The Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes
to choose the religion of their subjects
– Choice limited to Lutheranism or Catholicism
– “whose the region, his the religion”
Reform Elsewhere in Europe
• Irelandthe Ascendency, an elite Protestant
group, but majority of Irish remained Catholic
• ScotlandJohn Knox established
Protestantism in 1560; Calvinist; Presbyterian
• Francemonarch will clash with Huguenots
(French Calvinists)
• Spain and Italyallowed no Protestantism