Transcript Chapter 14 notes

Europe At War 1555-1648
Introduction

War was nothing new in
the 16th century due to
dynastic struggles and
religious struggles

However, war from 15551648 was fought on a
larger scale, it was more
brutal, more expensive,
claimed more victims,
and extended throughout
the Continent
Crises of the Western States
Converting princes
 “Un roi, une foi, une loi”
caused much disruption
one king, one faith, one
in Germanic states
law
 Citizens who were not
 Equality between
the religion of the princes
monarch, ecclesiastical,
were forced to migrate to
and civil authorities
neighboring states,
governing one
which broke their kin and
neighbor networks that
 Peace of Augsburg 1555:
were critical to economic
religion of ruler was to be
survival
the religion of the
subjects
 2 GROUPS BITTER
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No toleration
Toleration was not practical
in the society of 1king, 1
religion
Even the Pope was against
toleration: Clement VIII
described liberty of the
mind as “the worst thing in
the world”
Warfare over religion
snapped the strength of
monarchs and nations
while draining men, money,
and the spirit of the county
French Wars of Religion
 Civil war in France: loss
of lives and property was
staggering, but the loss
of communal identity was
even greater-what does
that mean?
France
 Only after Calvin
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developed his Church in
Geneva did Protestantism
spread to France (why?)
By 1560 2000 Protestant
congregations were
present in France-nearly
10% of the French
population
Churches successful in
provincial towns, middle
class society, merchants,
traders, artisans, and
aristocratic women
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Civil war due to rapid
spread of Calvinism and
the vacuum of power
created by the death of
the French monarch
French Monarchy
Francis I
(1517-1547)
Henry II
(1547-1559)
married Catherine de Medicis
children
Francis II
(1559-1560)
married Mary Stuart
Queen of Scots
Charles IX
(1560-1574)
Mother-Catherine ruled
as regent
Henry III
(1574-1589)
Henry IV
(1589-1610)
of Navarre
convert to Catholicism
French Wars of Religion
Henry II was married to
Catherine de Medicis
 He died in a jousting
tournament and his son
Francis II took over the
throne in 1559
 Francis II was married to
Mary Stuart Queen of Scots
 Francis II allowed Mary to
influence his reign
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They allowed the Guise
family to dominate the state
and excluded their rivals.
The Guise family controlled
the military and Church
Guises uncovered a plot by
the Protestants to remove
the king
Targeted Protestants to kill,
but unfortunately Francis II
died before he could carry
out the attack and the
Guise’s lost power
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Francis II
Mary Queen of Scots
French
Wars
of
Religion
 New king Charles IX (1560
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1574) was only 10 when he
ascended to the throne. His
mother ruled as his regent
The attack on Bourbon duc
de Conde lead protestants to
raise armies and in 1562 civil
war erupted
Catherine wanted peace
because war weakened the
state, but the Guise family
wanted to suppress
Protestantism and eliminate
Protestant influence at court
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Willing to undertake this task
without the king’s support
Protestants fled the court
Henry of Navarre was next in
line for succession and his
was a protestant!
Huguenots wanted the right
to practice their religion,
preach, and nobility wanted
their right in government
Charles IX
French Wars of Religion
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Assassination of duc de
Guise in 1563 eliminated the
possibility of resolution
Catholic leaders encouraged
the slaughter of Huguenot
congregations and openly
panned the murder of
Huguenot leaders
Huguenots imported Swiss
and German mercenaries to
fight in France
Saint Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre:
 Marriage between
Catherine’s daughter and
Henry of Navarre (attempt at
reconciliation)
 Protestant leaders from all
over France arrived for the
wedding
 Guise's saw this as a golden
opportunity
 If leading Huguenots could
be assassinated in Paris the
Protestant cause may
collapse and the truce of the
marriage would fail
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French Wars of Religion
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Saint Bartholomew was the
apostle that Jesus described
as the man without guile and
its was on his feast day that
the Huguenots who had
come to celebrate Henry of
Navarre’s wedding were
slaughtered
On August 24, 1572 the
streets of Paris RAN RED
with Huguenot BLOOD!!
Henry and a number of other
important Protestant were
able to flee-so not the most
effective slaughter
In the following weeks
the carnage spread from
Paris to the countryside
 Until the French
Revolution no even in
French history would
evoke as much passion
as the massacre
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French Wars of Religion
 Resistance theory: could
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Massacre prolonged the
wars
Created an emotional
attachment to the
continuation of warfare
Called for revenge
Target of retaliation was no
longer just the Guise family,
but the monarchy for
accepting the results of the
massacre
The monarchy sanctioned it
and spilled Huguenot blood
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keep up that the were
fighting against the king’s evil
advisors rather than the king
Idea: resistance to a
monarch whose actions
violated divine
commandments or civil rights
was lawful
Writers provided a
justification for rebellion
And some Catholic peer
joined in with the Huguenotspolitiques led by duc d’Anjou
French Wars of Religion
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Catholic league was formed
to fight against the
protestants
They continued to kill
Huguenots all over France
Henry III did not produce a
male heir and after Anjou’s
death (next in line) the
Huguenot Henry of Navarre
would inherit the throne of
France
Catholic League talked about
altering the royal successiontheories of lawful resistance
to monarchial power
1585 civil war-war of the
three Henry’s (Henry III,
Henry Guise, and Henry of
Navarre)
 Paris and Catholic towns
controlled by the LeagueProtestant strongholds-Henry
N.
 Henry III couldn’t control the
politics of religion-no
settlement
 1588 Henry III summoned
Henry Guise and his brother
to meet and they were
murdered by the kings orders
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Henry III
Henry IV or Henry of Navarre
French Wars of Religion
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The politiques were blamed
for the murders
Henry III was forced to flee
Henry III made a deal with
Henry of Navarre and they
besieged Paris
Only the arrival of a Spanish
army prevented Paris from
falling
1589 Catherine de Medicis
died and Henry III was
assassinated
Henry of Navarre-king
Catholic League proclaimed
rival Catholic as king and the
pope excommunicated Henry
of Navarre and absolved
France from loyalty to him
 Henry becomes Catholic
“Paris is worth a mass”
 Made conversion public in
1594 and crowned Henry IV
 War-weary country willing to
accept new king
 Many leaders were bankrupt
and Henry IV was willing to
pay them to go back to their
estates and for allegiance to
him
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French Wars of Religion
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Resistance to monarchy
continued by Henry IV united
his country by warfare
against Spain
Reestablished balance
between aristocracy and
court
Huguenots shocked by his
conversion
1598 Edict of Nantes-granted
limited toleration to
Huguenots: 1 king, 2 faiths
In spite of this sporadic
fighting continued-survived
18 assassination attempts,
before being killed in 1610
Philip II of Spain
Spain greatest power in
Europe during mid 1500’s
(navy: Spanish Armada)
 Philip was very responsible
and paid attention to even
detailed paperwork
 Major concerned was
Ottoman advance in the
Mediterranean
 1571 Lepanto: Spain vs.
Ottomans, Spain won ending
Ottoman advances
 Philip viewed himself as a
Christian monarch fending off
the advances of the infidels:
Ottomans and Protestants
(Calvinism spreading)
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Supported St. Bartholomew’s
Day massacre: sent $,
advisers, and troops
Married Mary I of England.
When Henry VIII and Edward
died she took over crown and
made England a Catholic
state again, which Philip
supported
Philip II of Spain
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Mary I died and Philip
attempted to marry her sister,
Elizabeth, but she said no
Elizabeth not only makes
England a Protestant state
again, but supports the
Protestants in France and
Dutch by sending aid (made
Philip II angry)
Philip II decided to invade
England and sent Armada,
but was defeated-it marked a
huge psychological blow to
the soldiers and Philip
himself
Revolt in the Netherlands
(1500’s): Netherlands were
17 separate provinces that
Philip controlled in N. Europe
(rich and populated area/
regional differences)
 Philip II left area when he
became King of Spanish
Empire, which inspired local
discontent. This came to the
forefront over his religious
policies
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Philip II of Spain and Netherlands
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Philip II intended to weed out
heretic (Protestants) by
 Increasing the number of
Catholic priest
 Inviting Jesuits in the area
to establish Churches and
schools
 Strengthen the power of
Inquisition and enforcing the
Council of Trent
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Protestant sought protection
from local nobility-who
opposed Philip regardless of
their nobility because he
disregarded local autonomy.
They refused to enforce his
laws
Adapted policy of tolerance.
Calvinist actively resisted
and stormed Catholic
churches
Philip II of Spain and Netherlands
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Philip II treated this as an
open revolt and rebellion. He
sent Duke of Alba (known for
his brutality) in to stop the
heretics. Alba believed
individuals should be kept in
constant state of fear. Held
execution and allowed
soldiers to storm towns who
participated in revolt
(slaughtered and burned to
the ground)
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Alba drove out many
Protestants and drove rest
into state of open rebellion
Spain increased taxes to
fund army (loyal provinces
not so loyal anymore)
Protestants made successful
assaults in Northern
provinces (Holland)
Philip II of Spain and Netherlands
1576: Antwerp: soldiers
sacked city: limited pay and
no plundering led to this.
7000 slaughtered and city
burned. Ended Philip’s rule
over his Burgundian
inheritance “Spanish fury”
 Protestants made a
permanent home in Northern
provinces like Holland
 States-General established
in south: assembly of local
representatives to help ruletaxation problems
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Pacification of Ghent 1576:
 Conceded local autonomy
of taxes
 Role of States-General
made legal
-Withdrawal of troops for the
low countries (northern
Europe)
-1609: 12 Year’s Truce:
recognized existence of
Holland. However, Philip II
didn’t want to have to
permanently recognize it
Struggles in Eastern Europe
Muscovy and PolandLithuania: Dynastic struggles
outweighed religious ones
(crisis of the state)
 Eastern Orthodox Christianity
 Protestants are tolerated
 Jesuits led Catholic reforms
within the Church
 Dispute over succession
after Ivan the Terrible died:
Ivan murdered his heir and
left his half-witted son to
inherit the throne. Created
vacuum of power
MUSCOVY
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Consequence was civil war
and anarchy: a fight for the
throne (Times of Trouble)
Poland-Lithuania entered into
a war with Muscovy: wanted
control of empire
In 1610 Poland poured into
Moscow and Sigismund
proclaimed himself tsarRussian boyars now united
and rose up against Poland
Michael Romanov was
chosen tsar by an assembly
of Russian landholders called
the Zemsky Sobor
Sigismund III
Michael Romanov
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Romanov made peace with
the Swedes, who too, had
taken advantage of the
Times of Troubles to make
huge land gains in Muscovy’s
Baltic provinces
Swedes agreed to assist
against the Poles
20 years of war continued
and eventually Poland
agreed to peace: recognized
a separate Muscovite state,
but only in exchange for
huge land gains/
concessions
Poland-Lithuania
Dominant in Eastern Europe
until the 1500’s
 Economically healthy and
militarily strong
 Lost many lands to Muscovy
because large state was hard
to defend
 1569 permanent union with
Lithuania and Baltic region of
Livonia
 Polish Diet: parliamentary
body that represented Polish
elite on issues such as
taxation, war, peace, and
religion. Major part of Polish
government
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Catholicism was the principle
religion, but Poland was
tolerant of others (Warsaw
Confederation 1573)
 Most successful monarchy
line died out (Jagiellon) and
Sigismund III became King
(also heir to throne of
Sweden)
 Sigismund III wanted troops
and finances to gain control
of Sweden, but the Polish
Diet refused to assist. They
did not want a part-time
monarch
 War with Muscovy: Poland
successful in making large
territorial gains into the
Muscovite state
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The Rise of Sweden
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Part of the Scandinavian
Confederation until the
Reformation- 1600’s-Danes
Denmark in control of narrow
link from Baltic to North Seacharged tolls
1523 Gustav I Vasa: led
uprising of Swedish
aristocracy and ended
Danish domination
Vasas ruled along with the
Swedish aristocracy: Rad:
Council of State
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1550’s an opportunity for
expansion: Teutonic Knights
could no longer control
Livonia. City of Reval asked
protection from Sweden
Eventually later captured city
of Narva along Gulf of
Finland
Now controlled a large
portion of the Muscovite
trade – wanted more control
Gustav I Vasa
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Wanted to capture Archangel
and Riga. Archangel: city
along the White Sea.
Sweden claimed northern
portions of Scandinavian
Peninsula necessary to
secure the trade. Wanted to
capture Riga-to the south to
control Baltic trade of
Muscovy
War with Poland. Poland
didn’t like the Swedes being
in the area and drove them
out-back to the coastline.
Sigismund wanted to retake
Livonia with Sweden now
weakened and to claim
himself King, but the Polish
Diet refused to finance
Sweden
Denmark also didn’t like the
presence of the Swedes in
the Baltic and under King
Christian IV reclaimed
sovereignty to Sweden and
invaded from east and west
 1613 the Swedes were
forced to accept treaty to end
war at a large cost:
1)Renounced claims to
northern coastline
2) Recognized Danish control
of Arctic trade route
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Sweden and successful foreign policy
New alliances develop with
Sweden due to power of
Denmark and Poland
 Sweden helped fight against
Poland for Baltic provinces
from Muscovy
 1617 Sweden received Baltic
provinces which gave them
control of Gulf of Finland
 Gustavus Adolphus becomes
king and follows through on
inherited wars
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1621 Adolphus went to war
with Poland. Took Riga:
Benefits:
1) Complete control of
eastern Baltic
2) Ended Polish claims to
Swedish throne
3) Increased control over
Muscovite trade
4) Deprived Demark of its
customs
* Adolphus and Sweden
emerged as a leading
Protestant power
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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
1618-1648
Philip
II’s conflict with Netherlands: Dutch
(Protestant) state develops
France and Spain’s dynastic conflicts
Growing Protestant states in eastern Europe:
Sweden and Denmark
Bohemian Revolts
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Although Catholics
Habsburgs were the rulers of
Bohemia/ Hungary there was
an atmosphere of toleration.
About half state Catholic and
Protestant
Emperor Mathias of the Holy
Roman Empire established
Ferdinand Habsburg to be
the next king of Bohemia/
Hungary
Ferdinand was known for his
diligence as a Catholic. He
was a Jesuit who was
strongly against
Protestants…he would burn
their books and drive out
preachers
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Protestant nobles did not
want Ferdinand to come to
power. Therefore, they
placed strong limits on his
political and religious powers,
which he agreed to
However, once in power,
Ferdinand did not live up to
agreement
Started to limit Protestant
rights: reaction was negative:
advisors pushed out a
window into a pile of manure
Fears of Ferdinand’s policies
spread to uprisings
throughout area
Bohemian Revolts
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Protestants seized control of
throne and deposed
Ferdinand: Frederick V new
leader (Protestant)
Holy Roman Emperor
Mathias dies and Ferdinand
succeeds him: Ferdinand II
As soon as he became king,
Ferdinand declared war
(wanted Bohemian crown)
Ferdinand II
Frederick vs. Ferdinand II
Other Protestants didn’t
send Frederick aid, but
told him to maintain
imperial peace
 Battle of White Mountain
1620: Frederick V driven
out of Bohemia
1) Spain possessed vital
link between Italy and
Netherlands
2) Ferdinand had control
of Bohemia/ Hungary
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Ferdinand II retribution:
en-serfed free serfs,
elected monarchy
abolished, those nobles
who supported Frederick
lost their title and
privileges
 Bohemia now a Catholic
state: Calvinists rooted
out
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Frederick vs. Ferdinand II
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Frederick seeks new
alliances: England, France,
Holland, Denmark, German
states
Spain declares war on the
Dutch (a secret ally of
France)
Denmark enters war-King
Christian IV moves troops
into German soil:
unsuccessful against
Catholic mercenaries. By
1629 moved out
Catholic’s second triumph
over Protestant threatened
their survival
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Ferdinand II demanded
Catholic lands be returned
and that the Peace of
Augsburg made no
provisions about the
toleration of different
religions: Calvinist no longer
tolerated
1) Caused revolution in
German states who couldn’t
impose it
2) United all Lutherans and
Calvinists against him
Ferdinand II: Emperor of
Holy Roman Empiresuccessful in campaign
against Frederick
 Frederick V: elected
leader of Bohemiakicked out of lands and
seeking new allies
 Allies: Holy Roman
Empire and Spain vs.
France, England,
Sweden, Denmark,
Holland
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After White Mountain,
Protestants from around
Europe began taking an
interest in the battle to
redraw the religious lines
of central Europe. Now,
states outside of the Holy
Roman Empire became
involved in the 30 Years’
War
Protestant Gains
Sweden enters the war in
1630 under king AdolphusFrance to finance war
 Adolphus wanted to protect
Protestants and his Baltic
empire from Ferdinand II
 Turning point in war:
Magdeburg in 1631: captured
and burnt by imperial forces:
Destruction set new
standards of cruelty: 30,000
people slaughtered, tortured
to death. Magdeburg
became a unifying symbol for
Protestants and Adolphus
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Afterwards, the German
states that had been
reluctant to join with
Adolphus joined and
enlarged his forces (140,000
men only 13,000 Swedish)
1631 Adolphus led a
successful battle at
Breitenfeld-brought war into
Catholic heartland
1632 pressed further into
Bavaria: Maximilian’s state
overtaken by Adolphus
Towns and countryside of
Bavaria laid to waste: only in
winter did troops met
Sweden won the battle, but
lost their king and leader,
Adolphus
Frederick V of
Bohemia
Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden
Philip III of Spain
Final stages of war
Protestants forces occupied
much of central and northern
Germany-decisively ending
Ferdinand II’s dream to
redraw the religious map of
the empire
 Involved the age old struggle
between France and Spain
 1635 France declared war on
Spain: didn’t have enough
resources to really fight
 Spain was 1st to topple due
to internal revolts over high
taxes and prices
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Swedes continued to defeat
imperial forces in Germany
1640 Portuguese regained
their independence from
Spain
Sweden really emerged as
the victorious state from the
war
Efforts toward peace now
being made due to the fact
that many of the original
leaders in the war had died
(Adolphus, Ferdinand,
Frederick V, Philip III, etc)
Peace
Spain and the
Netherlands made an
agreement to end the 80
years of war and the rest
of Europe soon followed
 Peace of Westphalia:
series of agreements the
established the outlines
of the political geography
of Europe
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German rulers were given
independence over their
states. The imperial Diet,
rather than emperor was
empowered: thus weakening
the emperor
 Europe left in a state of
shambles: population loss,
Plague resurfaced, famine
common, and economies
destroyed by years of
warfare

Effects
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“The mortality rate was
perhaps closer to 15 to 20
percent, with deaths due to
armed conflict, famine and
disease. Much of the
destruction of civilian lives
and property was caused by
the cruelty and greed of
mercenary soldiers. It is
certain that the war caused
serious dislocation to both
the economy and population
of central Europe

Pestilence of several kinds
raged among combatants
and civilians in Germany and
surrounding lands from 1618
to 1648. Many features of the
war spread disease. These
included troop movements,
the influx of soldiers from
foreign countries, and the
shifting locations of battle
fronts. In addition, the
displacement of civilian
populations and the
overcrowding of refugees
into cities led to both disease
and famine.”
Wikipedia.org