Transcript c2w1
Review and Foundation for Western Civilization Part II What we’re gonna do here is go back: way back Medieval Legacies 4 Factors that mark the departure from the ancient world to a medieval one Shift of the centers of power from the eastern Mediterranean northward Influx of German races into the Roman world and new political and social units that blend Roman culture with German heritage A decline in the commercial markets in the Mediterranean and the emergence of a new economy that moved from a slave-owning, capitalistic economy to a feudal, local economy The impact of Christianity Language At the beginning no modern language, at the end all of the modern languages Latin as the international language Religion Preservation and Propagation of the Christian Faith Christian ethics were imposed upon Pagan views Philosophy Started by church fathers Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, John Crysostom In the 12th century a complete system of Christian philosophy emerged Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas Scholastic Philosophy- Revived Greek heritage Realists Focused on Plato and insisted on the primacy of universal ideas Nominalists Focused on particulars evidence of god’s creation Adhered to the philosophy of Aristotle and leaned toward a scientific approach Rise of the University 11th Century- University of Bologna 4 faculties Theology Law Philosophy Medicine Interest in foreign cultures grew and new science an math was imported from the east via Arab writings Art Romanesque Based on Traditional rounded Roman Style Huge walls Little light Gothic Elegant pointed architecture Many windows Brightly built to glorify God Mosaics and Paintings Little music Literature Preserved the Greek heritage Developed Vernacular Languages Dante Boccaccio Petrarch Commerce Guilds Higher Standards for Craftsmanship Planned Production Banking Credit Investment Reformation Savonarola 15th century Florence Called for reform of the corrupt church Borgia family Got involved with political quarrels Burned in 1498 Martin Luther Saw Savonarola as a saint and became his successor Convinced that only faith can lead to salvation Nailed up the 95 theses Insisted in Sola Scriptura No need for Catholic tradition, popes or priests Supported by German Princes for scattered reasons Escape financial obligations to the pope Getting away from papal guidance Using it as an appeal to the Germanic consciousness Saw it as an opportunity to confiscate church lands Henry VIII Originally labeled “Defender of the Faith” by the pope Pope denied him a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn Made himself head of the church in England Stopped paying taxes to Rome Got Divorced and remarried a couple more times Confiscated church land Wars of Religion Two distinct leagues developed- Catholic and Protestant Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire declared war on the protestants and eventually lost Peace of Augsburg 1555- a German prince had the right to establish the religion that he professed His kingdom (the Hapsburg) was divided among his two sons Phillip- Spain, Italy, Netherlands Ferdinand Germany and Hungary Counter-Reformation Council of Trent 1563- Affirmed that scriptures and church traditions are equally binding Created index of banned books Reformed the practice of indulgences and the worship of saints The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Combat heresy and spread Catholic education Thirty Years War Started of as a religious war but turned into a political one Germany was the center but many were affected Sweden, Denmark, Bohemia, Spain, France Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor stripped protestants of their rights and Revolution started The rest of Europe got involved Started as Protestants against Catholics By the end the two major rivals were both Catholic France Spain Treaty of Westphalia 1648 ended the war Maintained territorial authority in Germany keeping them weak Confirmed the power of France Marked the decline of Spain Holland became a sovereign nation