Transcript Chapter_15--Religious_Wars_and_Expansionx

THE Age of Religious Wars and European
Expansion

Life-Changing Developments:

The Reformation


Overseas expansion



Cultural, political, religious and social life
Broaden geographical horizons
Confrontations with ancient civilizations
 Conquest
 Exploration
 Social changes
Politics

Wars


Power and territorial expansion
Religious issues

Rationalize wars
 Treaty

France and Spain Ended Habsburg-Valois Wars.



of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)
Spain was the victor
France
 Spanish dominance in Italy
New Period




Politics and religion played a dominant role
 Before: Dynastic wars.
Religion: persuasion for taxation.
Religious differences: participate in wars
Religious passion: conditioned mindset.
 Late

Bigger armies


16th Century
Reorganized administration for financing
Use of gunpowder

Altered nature of war and attitudes
 “coward’s weapon”



Killed and wounded from distance
Weakened the notion of War as Ennobling
Propaganda to support war (printing press)
 Medieval


Ideal
Unified Christian society governed by one ruler
and one Church
End Ideal: Peace of Westphalia, 1648
 Recovery:

Labor shortage



Hurt nobility
Increase in Population (late 15th century)



Population loses: Plague and Hundred-Year War
Cash rents for servile rents
Declining buying power of money


15th and 16th Century:
New lands under cultivation
Division of property small holdings
Domestic and foreign trade

Royal Law courts—1539



Government Strength




Official language: French
Centralizing power
Taille, tax on land.
Tax base was too narrow
Habsburg-Valois Wars: unaffordable
Financing the wars



Increasing taxes
Heavy borrowing
New Devices

Sale of public offices
 Became hereditary tax-exempt
 Tax-exempt class: nobility of the robe


Beyond Crown jurisdiction
Treaty with papacy—Concordat of Bologna, 1516

Treaty with Papacy
Supremacy of papacy over Council—French Crown:
bishops.
 Supplement of money and power
 Catholicism as State Religion.


Issues

Ecclesiastical offices reward civil servants

Promotion of churchmen service to state
 No work toward intellectual and moral standard of
parish
 Receptive audience for Luther and Calvin.


Members of Catholic clergy, middle class, artisan groups
(major cities)—1/10
Condemnation by universities and governments, and
massive burnings.
 Feebleness


Three weak sons of Henry II—no leadership
French nobility (Calvinists) took advantage



of French crown civil violence
Calvinism religious cloak of independence
Armed conflict
 Catholic royalist lords v. Calvinist antimonarchical
lords
 Religious issue—Surface
 Real issue Power
Working Classes


Real Issue Religious
 The “other” polluted the community.
Violence on people and property
 Catholic


Marriage of king’s sister, Mary of Valois with
Henry of Navarre (Huguenots)
Gaspard de Coligny—leader of Huguenot party


attack on Calvinists, 1572.
Influence over Charles IX.
Henry of Guise—leader of Catholic aristocracy

Attacked Coligny rioting and slaughter.
 Huguenot gentry was massacre

August 25th to October 3rd: 12,000 Huguenots massacre.
 Consequences

War of the Three Henrys


Civil war
Factions
Catholic Henry of Guise
Protestant Henry of Navarre
King Henry III
1.
2.
3.
1.
Catholic but Catholic Guise group was his greatest danger.
1.
The Guises + Holy League (Catholic Nobles)
1.
2.
Destroy Calvinism
Replace Henry III
Consequences agriculture destroyed, commercial
life declined, starvation and death
Politiques





Moderates of both faiths
Restoration of monarchy could reverse the trend
Huguenots as officially recognized as pressure group.
Henry of Navarre Henry IV.

Strong and united France
Accepted into Roman Catholicism
Edict of Nantes, 1598




Liberty of conscience and public worship for
Huguenots in 150 towns
 Political
experience and travel
 Pious



Attended mass everyday + lived in Monastery
Relied on God for political help
Inquisition and Toleration inflexible.



Toleration = growth of heresy, civil disorder, violence
and bloodshed.
Inquisition = church and civil power extirpate heresy
Controlled: Ecclesiastical appointments and revenues

“The English Problem”

Mary, Queen of Scots, heir to Elizabeth of England




Plot to assassinate Elizabeth
Philip II supported it reunite England with Catholicism
Mary was beheaded.
Pope Sixtus V offered Philip money when Spanish
troops landed in England

Spanish Armada to fight off Elizabeth navy.
 130 vessels met English fleet of 150 vessels

Mixed Consequences
 Spain rebuilt its navy.
 Did not halt the flow of silver.
 War between England and Spain drag on.
 Prevented Philip to impose religious unity recognized
independence of the Netherlands.
 Defeatism
 Peace

Faith of the prince  religion of subjects



Catholicism or Lutheranism
Catholics alarmed Lutherans breaking the
Peace


of Augsburg, 1555
Acquiring German bishoprics
Calvinists ignored it converted princes
Jesuits reconverted Lutheran princes
 Protestant

Union
Lutheran princes
 Catholic
League
No territorial advance
 Beginning:

“The Defenestration of Prague”

Protestants hurled two of Ferdinand’s (King of
Bohemia) officials out of the window of a castle in
Prague.
 Four
1.
2.
3.
4.

phases:
Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
Danish Phase (1625-1629)
Swedish Phase (1629-1635)
International Phase (1635-1648)
Peace of Westphalia
1.
2.
3.
Civil war between Catholic League (Ferdinand) and
Protestant Union (Frederick Duke of Bohemia—
Palatinate-SW Germany)
Bohemians: religious liberty and independence from
Habsburg
Catholic defeated Frederick—wiping out
Protestantism
 Participation

Protestant cause
 Catholic

Imperial Army Catholic victories
Albert of Wallenstein


Built an army only loyal to himself
Interest: carving an empire to himself
 Quarreled with Catholic League Catholic forces
divided.
 1629:

of King Christian IV of Denmark
Peak of Habsburg power.
Edict of Restitution:


Catholic properties lost to Protestantism were to b
restored
Catholics and Protestants: only allowed to practice
 Arrival
at Germany: Gustavus Adolphus,
Swedish king.


Lutheran
Support oppressed Protestants

Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister of King Lous XIII)
subsidized Swiss to weaken Habsburg.
 Decisive


for Protestantism in Germany
Ended Habsburg ambitions of uniting German
states
Death of King + defeats French entered war
 French


foreign policy
Opposition to Habsburg + France stature
Cardinal Richelieu:


War on Spain
Assistant to Swedes and German Protestant princes


1648
Turning point in political, religious and social history


Ended conflicts over religion
Recognized authority of German princes
Each would govern their own territory
 Habsburg Emperor’s power was limited




Acknowledgment of independence of United Provinces of
the Netherlands
+ France size and prestige.
Denied papacy the right to participate in German religious
affairs


Symbolizes reduced influence of Church in politics.
Augsburg agreement permanently
Added Calvinism as a legally permissible creed.
 North German States: Protestant
 South German States: Catholic.


Disaster for German economy and society

Death toll



Vast areas depopulated




1/3 of urban residents
2/5 of rural area residents
Military action
Diseases
Refugees
Late 16th Century: Economic crisis


Silver from South America
Aggravated in the Empire.

Losses in agricultural land, livestock, trade and commerce
 -food + Spanish silver price rise
 Rise in value of labor
 Farmers that lack revenue day laborers


Peasants’ loss of labor new serfdom
Nobles and landlords bought small holdings great estates.

Period from 1450 to 1650:

Age of Discovery


Age of Reconnaissance


Advances in geographical knowledge and technology
 Ex. Sailing time = thousand years earlier
 Earth surface = Romans
Preliminary exploration of the earth’s surface sketch
physical outline
Age of Expansion

Migration of Europeans to other parts of the world
 Colonization political control




South and North America
Africa
India, China, Japan, Pacific Islands
Economic exploration, religious domination
 Beginning

10th Century Vikings across the Atlantic



Greenland and Eastern coast of N. America
Permanent settlements.
Crusades in 11th- 13th Century explore and
exploit people

Unsuccessful lack of territorial base, Muslim military
strength, misrule
 Political

centralization Outward push
Spain,



of outward expansion
15th Century consolidated several kingdoms,
humbled the Muslims, revamped bureaucracy.
Strong monarchy support foreign adventures.
France and England

Head start overseas





Beginning of European exploration and control 1415
Morocco
Policy Christianize Muslims, find gold, rout to spice
Market in India, mythical Christian ruler of Ethiopia
Control the flow of gold into Europe (16th Century).
Vasco da Gama India
Trading posts in India


Lisbon entrance point for Asian goods
Muslims had controlled the spice trade of Indian Ocean
 Portugal destroyed strategic Muslim forts



Cannons blasted vital centers of Arab domination of S.
Asian trade (Governor of India)
Trading posts and military bases
1500: coast of Brazil sighted claimed by Portugal
 Key

to Europe’s outreach Technology
1350 Cannons: fully developed


Early cannon’s difficulties
 Inaccurate, heavy, time to reload inefficient for
land warfare.
 Iron liable to crack, corrosion
 Bronze/copper more expensive
Effective for the sea
 Mounted on ships + improved shipbuilding=European
Expansion

Caravels—15th Century by Portuguese





Before, galleys open boats propelled by manpower
 Could not withstand winds of the Atlantic
 Need for studier ships + Population Loss (BD) no
need for soldiers nor manpower.
Small, light, slower, more cargo, highly maneuverable,
cannons dominate larger vessels
Wind power manpower
Artillery fire soldiers
Magnetic compass (direction), astrolabe
(latitude-position N or S of Equator), improved
maps and sea charts.

Not a Motive

Demographic pressure population losses from Black Death




Few Europeans immigrated during 1500.
½ of those sailing died
½ reaching New World returned
Causes

Crusading fervor (Portuguese and Spanish ideal)



Spanish upper classes limited political and economic opportunities



Quasi-scientific literature about those continents excited people
Spices—food + medicine (Crusaders in 12th)



Private individuals could not afford exploration voyages
Renaissance curiosity about physical universe


Ancient aristocracy lands and urban administration
Immigrated to the Americas
Government sponsorship and encouragement


Medieval mindset attitudes and values shaped by religion
Desire to Christianize Muslims and pagan
India and China
Ming dynasty + Ottoman Turks into Mediterranean
Quest for material profit
 He
enslaved and killed Indians
 Cruel and ineffective governor (Caribbean
colonies).
 He did not discover the continent
 Misunderstood what he found

Ahistorical criticisms they are based on
standards that did not exist at that time.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Religious
Christianity as missionary religion carried to
places
Geographical knowledge of classical authors.
Knowledgeable about the seas and instruments
Find a direct ocean route to Asia expanded
trade
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make Spain participate in this trade.
Changed goals set up government
Religious agent
Material goals
 Ignored

Described what he wanted to see.


evidence of senses
Idyllic paradise/Garden of Eden propaganda: myth
He realized he did not find the spices market in
Asia

Changed goals following Portuguese trade
 Setting up some form of government
 Laid foundations for Spanish imperial
administration.


Subjugated the island of Hispaniola and enslaved the
natives.
System of land grants
 Hispaniola,




Cuba and Puerto Rico
Gold
Gold mines killed off Indians
Diseases brought by Europeans no immunity
1492: 100.000 people


15270: 300 people
Need for slaves from Bahamas and New Guinea.
 Riches
of the Americas poured into Spain and
Portugal
 Trading center Antwerp (Belgium).


Commercial and financial capital of Europe
Replaced by Amsterdam


Southward movement precious metals
Ferdinand Magellan




Hernando Cortes




Find direct rout to the spices in Asia (Charles V).
Verified the theory that the earth was round
Showed the earth was larger than what Columbus had
thought.
Crossed to mainland Mexico
Taken the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma captive and the
empire
Founded Mexico City
Francisco Pizarro



Crushed the Inca Empire
Established viceroyalty of Peru
Potosi richest silver mines
 16th

Century
Golden Century of Spain


Spanish influence was felt all over Europe
 Armies, Catholicism and wealth
Rested on influx of precious metals
 Economic

Consequences
Population increase + Spanish products


Increase in food demand and goods +$
Had expelled Jews and Muslims could not meet
demands +$ could not compete
 Farmers and business people.

How were these lands to be governed?


Absolutism: Crown entitled to exercise full authority.
New World Territory four viceroyalties





Viceroy (imperial governor): military and civil authority
 Direct representative
 Presided over the “audiencia”: board of judges as
advisory council and judicial body
1. New Spain
2. Peru
3. New Granada
4. La Plata
System of Intendants: military, administrative and
financial.
 Mercantilist Principle: colonies for financial benefit
of home country


Quinto: 1/5 of precious metals.
 Baroque:



Term of scorn used by 18th century critics
High point in Western Culture
Development:



Rome
Revitalized Catholic Church
Papacy + Jesuits
 exuberant, emotional art



“odd-shaped, imperfect pearl”
Appeal to senses touch souls, faith
 RELIGIOUS EMOTIONALISM
 Agitated age violence in politics and religion
Broader focus Renaissance only pleased a small
elite.
Johann Sebastian Bach, Paul Rubens.
•
•
•
•
•
Sensuous
Colorful
Animated figures
Melodramatic contrast
Catholic
• Christian subjects
• Voluptuous saints and
angels