Transcript The Age Of Religious Wars

AP European History
Chapter 12

“To kill a man is not to defend doctrine, but to
kill a man”
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Wars of Religion :
Conflict between Catholics & Protestants
Political struggle for power
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A region’s ruler
determines the
religion of the land
1st half of 1500’s –
Lutherans &
Zwinglians struggled
to secure rights &
freedoms
 2nd half of 1500’s –
Calvinists Sought
recognition
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In the midst of
religious strife, these
rulers stressed:
 1. Political Unity
 2. Compromise
 3. Toleration or
indifference in
religious matters
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
Queen Elizabeth I
Intolerant Rulers of
the 16th century:
 Mary I, England
“Bloody Mary”
 King Phillip II of Spain
 Oliver Cromwell ,
England (chapter 13)
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Compare & Contrast the religious policies of
TWO of the following (2002):
Elizabeth I of England
Queen Isabella of Spain
Catherine de Medici of France
Mary I (Tudor) of England

Catholics and Protestants engaged in a civil
war for power during the mid 1500’s.
were known as
“Huguenots”
 were Calvinist
 By 1560, Huguenots
made up 1/15th of
entire population
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the French Huguenot Nobility sought:
1. Rebellion against monarchy
2. Political Power
Majority Resided in: Dauphine, Languedoc
regions
Protestants plastered
Paris with anti- Catholic
flyers
 Mass arrests ensued
 John Calvin driven to
exile
 1540 Edict of
Fontainbleau = subjected
French Protestants to the
inquisition
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ZsIyK
HTNI
Catholic French King
Henry II Valois (R.
1547-1559) died in
jousting accident
(1559)
 a lance pierced his
visor…
 Pierced left eye, thru
brain, out right ear 

Henry II’s Sickly 15 year
old son Francis II
inherited the throne
 He died a year later…
 Henry II’s Widow,
Catherine de’ Medici
acted as Queen Regent
 Until younger sons were
old enough to rule
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3 Powerful Families Saw Opportunity and
fought for Control of France:
1. The Bourbons (Huguenots)
2. The Montmorency-Chatillons (Huguenot)
3. The Guises (Extreme Catholics)
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Her Father was grandson
of Lorenzo the
Magnificent (Medici!)
At first she sought an
alliance with Protestant
Huguenots
Why? 2/5ths of nobles
were Huguenots
January Edict, 1562
And Granted
Protestants
 1. freedom to worship
publicly outside of
towns
 2. privately within
them
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Tried to reconcile
Catholic and
Protestant
Factions in France
Although Catholic,
was tolerant of
Huguenots for
political reasons
Massacred Protestant
worshippers In 1562
 In Champagne
 This event marked
the beginning of the
French Wars of
Religion
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Would the Guise
family try to
overthrow Catherine
de Medici if she didn’t
ally herself with
them?
The Huguenot Henry
of Navarre (Bourbon
Family)
 Married Marguerite
of Valois (Catholic)–
Catherine de Medici’s
sister in law!!!
 August 20th, 1572
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Cemented her
alliance with the
Catholic
extremists, the
Guise Family
August 24, 1572
3,000 Huguenots
slaughtered in Paris
 20,000 Huguenots
killed across France
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Planned the
assassination of
 Coligny, Protestant
military leader
 Coligny died during
St. Bartholomew’s
massacre
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(r. 1574-1589)
Inherited French
Throne & Civil War
 He was Catholic
 The Peace of
Beaulieu, 1576
 Granted Huguenots
almost complete
religious freedom
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1577 dissolved Peace
of Beaulieu !
 He gave into political
pressure of the
Catholic League
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Protestant leader & a
legal, alternative heir
to the throne
 Bourbon Family
(Huguenot)
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Henry III Created alliance with Henry of
Navarre against Guises & Catholic League
Then Henry III was killed…by a Priest!
Became “Henry IV”
Well Liked by people
Preached tolerance
Was a Huguenot
Was perceived as
Humble
 “politique”
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On July 25th, 1593
Henry IV
 ABANDONED the
Protestant Faith!!
 Converted to
Catholicism !
 “Paris is worth a
mass” – Henry IV

Huguenots were
horrified
 Catholics were
skeptical
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“Ladies Man”
1. Gabrielle d’ Estrees- 3
children!
 2. Henriette de Balzac – 2
children!
 3. Jacqueline de Bueil – 1
child (she married
someone else already
pregnant)
 4. Charlotte des Essarts –
2 children
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1. Huguenots gained freedom of public
worship
2. Right of assembly
3. Admission to public Universities
4. Permission to Maintain fortified towns
France allowed religious pluralism in order
to maintain peace.
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Legacy- Trying to establish religious truce
His Edict of Nantes recognized minority
religious rights for Huguenots
Catholicism remained the official religion in
France after his death
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Isabella I (1451-1504):
Marriage with Ferdinand (1469) unified
northern Spain
Goals: reduce power of nobility, increase
power of the crown, gain southern Spanish
territory
Catholic Identity – “Los Reyes Catolicos”
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An example of state
action meant to control
religion and morality
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Established 1480 by
Queen Isabella & King
Ferdinand of Spain
Political & Religious
reasons
Series of investigations &
trials against “nonbelievers”
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1483 was named
“Inquisitor General”
 Responsible for
establishing rules &
inquisitorial
procedure
 Too much power?
 Executed thousands
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1. Investigation
2. Trial
3. auto de fe – Public penance of condemned
heretics. Mass – prayer- procession of the guiltyreading of sentences
 3. Punishment – case turned over to civil
authorities who then chose death penalty.
 * land/businesses confiscated
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newly converted
Jews =“Conversos”
Muslims = “Moriscos”
Practicing faith in
secret
Heretics- those who
rejected Roman
Catholic orthodoxy
 Various Protestant
groups
 Index of forbidden
books – books
banned by the
Catholic Church
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“Mediterranean
Diaspora”
 Muslims & Jews who
refused to convert to
Catholicism
 were Expelled from
Spain by royal edict
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Son of Charles V
Grandson of Juana la
Loca & Felipe el
Hermoso
 Great Grandson of
Isabella & Ferdinand
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Spain, the Americas,
Austria, Bohemia,
Hungary,
Netherlands
 Increased wealth
from new world =
inflation
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1. Wealthy – trade rich ports, commercial
cities (Antwerp)
2. Diverse
3. Independent
4. Tolerant of various faiths
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Phillip II of Spain
Placed his ½ sister
Margaret of Parma
as regent (ruler) of
the Netherlands
Phillip II & Margaret
Imposed decrees of the
Council of Trent
 Dutch unhappy
 1564 the Compromiseopposition to Spanish
rule:
 pledged to resist decrees
of Council of Trent,
Inquisition
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“The Silent”
Emerged as leader of
independence
movement in
Netherlands
 Catholic- then
Lutheran- then
Calvinist
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People of
Netherlands asked
German Lutherans &
French Huguenots for
help
 Phillip II Sent Duke of
Alba & his army of
10,000 to quell revolt
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Phillip II
Raised taxes in the
Netherlands
 Persecuted
Protestants
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William of Orange led
independence
movement
 Enlisted help of anti
Spanish group “Sea
Beggars”
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Dutch sabotaged
their own dikes &
flooded country IN
1574 !
Looted & killed
people of Antwerp
1576
 7,000 dead
 “Spanish Fury”
 As a result…
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10 Catholic provinces
(Belgium) and
 7 Protestant Northern
Provinces
(Netherlands)
 United against
SPANISH rule
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Officially Unified
“The Netherlands” in
1576
William of Orange
An “outlaw” & placed
a price on his head 
 Spain continued to
fight over
Netherlands until
1580’s
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Elizabeth I
Helped Dutch
resistance movement
 An independent
Netherlands
advantageous
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Spanish Armada invaded England 1588
England & France recognized Netherlands as
an independent country 1596
Spain lost (both), did not formally recognize
Netherlands as independent until 1648!!!
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1618-1648 The most destructive war of
religion
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No clear religious majority in German
territories
Over 300 politically independent
principalities!
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1. Political Divisions: Germany was decentralized, and fragmented (unlike England,
France, Spain)
2. Religious Divisions: Both Protestants and
Catholics fought to protect their interests
The Peace of Augsburg did not recognize
Calvinism
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3. International Interference:
France (Catholic) opposed any policy that
would create a strong power in Germany.
The Lutheran Kings of Denmark & Sweden
were prepared to defend Protestant Interests
Example of state exploitation of religious
conflict
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4 Phases:
1. Bohemian Phase (1618 -1625)
2. Danish Phase (1625-1629)
3. Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
4. Swedish- French Phase (1635-1648)
in modern day Czech
Republic (Bohemia)
 After Ferdinand of
Styria was crowned
King, 1618 
 He was Catholic but
the Majority of
Population was
Protestant
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1. Devastation of the German economy
German towns decimated
Looting, pillaging, agricultural collapse
2. Depletion of German populations
By 1648, German empire had 8 MILLION fewer
inhabitants than in 1618.
 War killed 1/3rd of population
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3. Germany remained fragmented for another 2
centuries
 4. France emerged as the strongest power in
Europe
 5. Holy Roman Empire declined in importance
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1. Ended all hostilities within Holy Roman
Empire
2. Written in French, not Latin (French
became diplomatic language)
3. Ruler of land determines religion of land
4. Calvinists gained recognition
5. Recognized independence of Swiss
confederacy, Netherlands