Transcript Henry IV of France

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
-Ruled areas in
-New World
-Spain
-Netherlands
-Holy Roman Empire of
-Hapsburgs
-Austria
-Parts of Italy
Map the Spanish discoveries
Wars of Charles
-Constant warfare
-French
-Protestants – in HRE
-Muslims (Ottoman Empire)
-Occupy Hungary and threaten the
Mediterranean
-Worn out by war divides his empire and
goes to a monastery
-Empire spilt between
- Brother Ferdinand and Son Philip II
-Hapsburg land
Spain
-HRE
Netherlands
New world
Southern Italy
Why did the Pope
Split the New World
between Spain and
Portugal??
PHILIP II
Expand Spanish
Influence Across the
Globe
Strengthen the
Catholic Church
Strengthen
Inquisition
Supported Catholic
Reformation
Wanted his power
to be ABSOLUTE
Philip’s Divine Right
-All government responsible to
him
- Guardian of the Catholic
Faith
-Catholic reformation
-Inquisition
Philip’s Wars
-Battle of Lepanto
-Ended Ottoman influence
-Revolt of the Netherlands
-Inquisition causes riots
-Spanish Armada
Religious Intolerance
Protestants who didn’t convert were
expelled
Revolt in the Netherlands - Philip battled Protestant
Rebels in the Netherlands
Strengthened the Inquisition
Protestant Queen Elizabeth became Philip’s #1
Enemy
Francis Drake and the Sea dogs attack Spanish
ships
Elizabeth Knights him
SPANISH
ARMADA
BRITISH
1588 - 130
Ships, 20,000
men and 2,400
pieces of
artillery were
sent across
the English
Channel
1588 - 150
Ships,
SMALLER
FASTER,
MORE
MANUVERABLE
Cresent
shaped
defense
MORE FIRE
POWER
FIRE SHIPS
“It
is well known that we fight in God’s cause.
So, when we meet the English, God will surely
arrange matters so threat we can grapple and
board them, either by sending some strange
freak of weather or, more likely, just be
depriving the English of their wits. If we can
come to close quarters Spanish valor and
Spanish steel… will make our victory certain.”
Do not write this
“Strange Freak of Weather” - storm - destroyed
the Spanish Armada, before there was ever a fight.
Economic Decline - Philip II resigned his throne
Costly wars overseas drained Spain of its
wealth
By expelling Muslims and Jews the country
lost its work base
Became a country of Beggars
France Replaced Spain as the Most
Powerful Country in Europe
Holy Roman Empire had collapsed into several
small separate states - they didn’t listen to the
Emperor
Protestant Union (mostly Calvinists) and
Catholic League created as Peace of Augsburg
failed to include Calvinists
Devout Catholic Ferdinand ascends the throne
in Bohemia. Later becomes (HRE)
Closes Protestant Churches
Defies Peace of Augsburg
Defenestration of Prague - Protestant noblemen
threw 2 Royal Officials out of a Castle Window in
Prague.
4 phases of the war
Bohemian Phase
Religious War – Starts as regional conflict
between Protestant princes and Catholic (HRE)
Spain and Poland (Catholic States) lead by
Ferdinand II vs. Frederick V (Protestant Powers)
Netherlands and Sweden.
Danish Phase- LUTHERAN King Christian IV of
Denmark attacks N. Germany (with French
support)
Ferdinand Hires Wallenstein to defend area
Wallenstein defeats Christian
RELIGIOUS
PHASES
POLITICAL
PHASES
1629 – Edict of Restitution
All Catholic properties lost to
Protestants since 1552 were to be restored.
Only Catholics and Lutherans could practice
(Not Calvinists)
Swedish Phase -- #3
SWEDISH KING ADOLPHUS (Lutheran)
attacks into Germany (Subsidized by France
and The Dutch)
Allied with each other for there own
political motives
For example - Catholic France joined
Lutheran Sweden against the Hapsburgs of
Austria
Adolphus killed in action Wallenstein
assassinated
Treaty of Prague ends the war
French Phase
French openly fought HRE
13 years non stop war
Brutal War - Soldiers destroyed crops and
homes and killed without mercy.
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
General Peace in Europe
France gained territory
Netherlands won
Independence
Swiss Federation won
Independence
Germany divided into 360+
Separate States - fragmented each one had its own coinage,
government, state church and
foreign policy
Prussia emerged as a New
Protestant Power
Austria and Hapsburgs
emerged as a strong Catholic
Power
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
The French Civil Wars
 There were two sides:
 Guise family led Catholics in North
 Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
 Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase
of Civil wars (7 total)
 Treaty of St. Germain en Laye (1570)
 Peace
 Religious freedom for Huguenots
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
 August 24, 1572
 20,000 Huguenots were killed
 Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes
first before any religious
considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
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
Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all
LOUIS XIII
• KING AT 9 (1610) Henry IV assassinated
• Marie de’ Medici Regent
• Appointed Richelieu as Chief Minister
in1624
– Expand power of King by destroying
• Huguenots
• Nobles
DOMINATE
EUROPE
ORDER, STABILITY, AND
REFORM IN FRANCE
Kept a group of Professional diplomats as his
advisors. - Cardinal Richelieu
Denied rights to Huguenots (French Protestants) revoked Edict of Nantes
- result: 200,000 fled France - destroying the
French Economy and earning him Protestant
Enemies
Invaded Spanish Netherlands
Gained 12 fortresses in Holland and
isolated the Dutch
ATTACKED NETHERLANDS
Gained more fortresses
Sent Army to Rhineland (9 Years War)
Loss - unprepared and showed
some serious problems with the
French defenses - Kept Alsace.
1701 - 1714
The War of Spanish
Succession
fought over who
should be rightful
King of Spain
grandson got
throne, but could
never also get French
throne
Lost Colonies in
new World except
Quebec.
Created a Political Alliance with
Spain.
BUILT THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES
Forced the Nobility to live there
They had all the privileges they wanted and non of
power.
He had ABSOLUTE CONTROL
“I depart, France
Remains.”- Louis XIV
•He wanted his legacy to
carry on with his son
instead after Louis XIV,
France began its decline.
Parliament wanted the King to
consult them when making decisions
James I & his son Charles I, believed
in the “Divine Right of Kings” - “I will
not be content that my power be
disputed upon.”- James I
Both took action to dissolve
Parliament when it disagreed with
them
Puritans wanted to clean out all the
unnecessary pageantry in the church
that was left over from Catholicism
King wanted to keep the church as is
with all the Glory and Power that came
with being the head of it
(Divine Right of Kings)
CAVALIERS VS ROUNDHEADS
(CHARLES I)
OLIVER CROMWELL
•PURITANS &
PARLIAMENT
A COMMONWEALTH
PARLIAMENT - executed
Charles I
Abolished the Monarchy
Declared Themselves a
Republic
PURITAN MORALITY
No music
Everything is shut on Sunday
no lewd dancing
no taverns or gambling
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
welcomed Jews (Hypocritical
not to)
EDUCATION FOR ALL PEOPLE
When Cromwell died - Charles II was welcomed
back to his throne. He was Popular, and restored
the Taverns and the Original Church of England
LONG TERM:
•James II - a Catholic took the throne after
Charles II died - for fear of a new Catholic
Royal Line - The English had a Bloodless
Revolution
•THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION - The
closest Protestant relative was Mary who
had married William of Orange - they were
given the throne if they signed the “English
Bill of Rights”
•Created a Limited Monarchy - government
in which a constitution or legislative body
limits the monarch’s powers
•Established habeous corpus - no
person could be held in prison without
first being charged with a specific
crime.
•Toleration Act - limited toleration to
Puritans & Quakers, but not yet
Catholics
•THE BEGINNING OF A
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY