Transcript France- Rule of Catherine de Medici

Religious Wars
German Peasant
Revolts
Peasant Revolts
Follow Luther’s changes
Take away prince’s power
Issues: laws, customs, taxes
Goals: political & economic
rights, release from serfdom
Luther’s Response
Sympathized but NO support
Not social revolutionary
“Un-Christian”
Supported princes right to crush
“Render to unto Caesar what is
Caesars”- Luther did not support
the revolt
German Princes back
Luther
1530 Augsburg Confession
Written statement of beliefs seen as
act of rebellion against Church and
Holy Roman Emperor
Leads to War
1555 Peace of Augsburg
Ferdinand of Austria
German princes decide religion of their
kingdoms
N. Germany becomes Protestant
Response to Protests
Pope uses religious measures
HRE Charles V uses military
measures
Turns on Protestant German princes
Protestant German Princes- form
Schmalkaldic League as defensive
group
Had taken land from Church
Charles had no help from Catholic
princes
Response to Protests
1530 Charles V orders all princes to
imperial Diet in Augsburg
People must revert back to Catholicism
Church will get land back
1555 Peace of Augsburg- (German
princes) he he owns lands
determines religion
Lutheranism, Catholicism
Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed
Response to Protests
Charles was not happy with
peace
Wanted unity, not division
Attached to Middle Age ideas
(feudalism, chivalry, Church)
Crown given up to Philip II and
Ferdinand
The Conflict between
England and Spain
The Beginning…
Philip II supported Mary
Queen of Scots (also a
Catholic)
Upon Mary’s death
relations between Spain
and England began to
decline
Mary
Queen of
Scots
1558 Elizabeth becomes
Queen
Elizabeth (Protestant)
Spain worried about power of
Catholic France
Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth
(brother-in-law)
Elizabeth delayed possibility of
marriage to gain diplomatic
advantages
She had no intention of marrying him
Elizabeth I
Sea Dogs
Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs
to raid Spanish treasure fleets
coming from Americas
Most famous- Sir Francis Drake
1st to sail around world since
Magellan
Most popular common man
Defeat of Spanish
Armada
Philip orders fleet to attack
England
Causes: Spain angered
Drake knighted
English helped Dutch Protestants
revolt against them
Order to execute Mary
Philip gathers largest attack
force- Invincible Armada
The Plan
Attack ship carrying troops
returning from Netherlands
Then move to invade England
July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada
sighted off English coast
England leaves to meet them
The Spanish Armada
The Strategies
Spain- tight formation, closer
range battle
Short range canons
England- knew of Spain’s tactics
Fast moving ships
Long range canons
After 2 weeks- indecisive battles,
Spain kept moving up English
coast
The Battle Continues…
English send 8 unmanned fire
ships
Spanish panicked and headed
toward open water breaking
formation
England moved in on disorganized
Spanish (15 captured)
Storm hits- Spanish commander
abandons mission
67 of 130 ships return to Spain
Significance of Defeat
Decline of Spain’s political
power
Europe saw battle as Catholics
v. Protestants
Catholic Reformation suffers set
back
England’s power increased
Free to develop overseas empire
Elizabethan Age began
The Conflict
Between the Dutch
and Spain
1500’s Dutch were enemies of
Spain
SpainCatholic
feudal
system
guilds for
protection
NetherlandsProtestant
little feudal
influence
starting new
ways of
running a
business
Netherlands given to
Philip
1559 Philip sends sister
Margaret to govern
Goals:
Raise taxes
Stamp out Protestantism
Results: Dutch are angered
Nationalism, religion, money
1566 Dutch Sea Beggars
attack Catholic Church
Spanish Response:
20,000 soldiers sent in
Heretics killed (1568- 1,500 in
one day)
Stamp out Protestantism
1568-1578 war broke out
between Protestant Dutch and
Catholic Spaniards
Prince William of Orange
(“the Silent”) led Dutch
Political not religious
William raised as Catholic
Initially unsuccessful
Desperation= low countries
(below sea level)
Dikes/floodgates opened
(repeated)
The End…
1579 Dutch gain ground
1581 United Provinces of
Netherlands becomes independent
William wanted state of religious
tolerance
South Netherlands remains Catholic
under Spanish control
1600’s- only European country that
accepted all religions (Jews move in)
FranceRule of Catherine
de Medici
Who was Catherine?
Family from Florence, Italy
Valois Dynasty- ruled since
1328
Wife of Henry II
Regent for sons (ruled in their
name)
Ruled because sons
incompetent
Religious Conflict
Early 16th century = religious
tolerance
Calvinist minority (Huguenots)
v Catholics (monarchs)
Towns divided- attacks on
people and churches
Religious Conflict
House of Bourbon v. House of
Gees
(Protestant nobles v. Catholic
nobles)
Both wanted to overthrow Valois
monarchy and start new dynasty
1562-1589- 9 civil wars between
these groups (compared to
England?)
St.Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre- Background
Aug, 22, 1572 Attempted assassination
Coligny (Protestant, advisor of King
Charles IX)politics
Rising power of Protestants
Catherine behind Guise plot
Catherine feared son’s response and
Huguenots reaction
Convinced son of Huguenot coup
Swift execution of Protestants save
Paris
St.Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
August 24, 1572
Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots killed
in Paris
Within 3 days- 20,000 Huguenots killed
Massacre began with Catherine’s
consent
Pope Gregory XIII and Philip IIreligious celebration
St. Bartholomew's Day
Massacre
St. Bartholomew's Day
Massacre
Charles IX’s Response
“But then you must kill
all the Huguenots in
France so that none
shall be left to
reproach me. Kill them
all! Kill them all!”
Henry III
Last Valois king
15 year rule- During civil war
Nobles convert to Protestantism to
weaken Catholic king
Politiques- strong monarchy,
religious tolerance
Appeared Guise might take throne
Philip II backed Guise and take Paris
Henry III had Duke of Guise murdered
More Spanish Influence
Philip II defeated Henry II in
Holland
Wanted to get rid of Protestants
Spain had hand picked French king
French upset over the influence of
Philip II
Bourbons driven out of France
The Rule of
Henry IV
(of Navarre)
Henry
IV of
Navarre
Henry IV
Heir (from medieval King (St.) Louis
IX)
House of Bourbon (Huguenots)
First Bourbon King – support of
Protestants and Catholic politiques
9 years of fighting to gain crown
Decisive, fearless, clever politician
No support from Catholics in Paris
1593 Henry converts (for country)
Henry IV
“Paris is worth a mass”
1598 Edict of Nantes- Huguenots
could practice in peace
1st great act of tolerance
Church in every town but Paris
Toleration officially recognized by
ruler
Huguenots make strongholds
Will lead to Henry’s death (1610)
Henry Rebuilds
Henry wanted to restore France’s
prosperity/economy
Welfare of commoners- “…every
peasant will have a chicken in the pot
on Sunday.”
Never accomplished this
Knew of peasant’s hard life
Economic advisors- Duke of Sully
helped with finances
No more Spanish invasions
Bourbon line will become Catholic
France
Richelieu and
Louis XIII
Cardinal
Richelieu
Richelieu’s Domestic Policies
Campaign against Huguenots
1629 Peace of Alais- no walled
cities, political orgs., courts
La Rochelle- largest walled city
Dangers to the Crown
Independence of Huguenot
cities
Richelieu not politiquestrikes against Huguenots
Fear of defiance of King
Still could worship
Dangers to the Crown
Power of the Hapsburgs
Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered
France)
30 Years War= Hapsburgs v. Protestants
in Holland and Germany
France wants Hapsburgs to lose and
therefore support Protestants
Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve
right to practice
Results: Protestants win 30 Years War
(Treaty of Westphalia, Gustavas
Adolphus)
Effects of the Thirty
Years War
(1618-1648)
Cause…
Protestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia
Anger because King Ferdinand II was
a German-speaking, Austrian Catholic
(HAPSBURG)
1619 Ferdinand II became HRE
Austrian = national hatred
Catholic = threat to religious freedom
Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings
(France)
Reaction- army puts down riot, German
princes challenge HRE
Treaty of Westphalia 1648
Ferdinand II’s son
Peace favored Swedes, French,
Protestant enemies
France takes Alsace
German princes almost independent
of HRE
Calvinism gained equal status
Dutch Republic becomes
independent state
Sweden gains German land
Long-term Consequences
German unity lost
HRE no longer holding 300
states together
Hapsburgs of Austria and
Spain lose power
France becomes Europe’s
strongest state
Richelieu..the end
Bourbons ruled over 100 years
Nobles to weak to challenge
After death: Edict of Nantes
repealed 1685
Protestants leave for Holland
where the Commercial
Revolution (Capitalism)begins
French economy falls when
Protestants leave