Transcript The Age Of Religious Wars

The Age Of Religious Wars
AP European History
Chapter 12
Religious Wars?

“To kill a man is not to defend doctrine,
but to kill a man”

Wars of Religion :
Conflict between Catholics & Protestants
Political struggle for power


Peace of Augsburg, 1555

A region’s ruler
determines the
religion of the land
Struggles of the 16th Century


1st half of 1500’s –
Lutherans &
Zwinglians struggled
to secure rights &
freedoms
2nd half of 1500’s –
Calvinists Sought
recognition
“Politiques”




In the midst of
religious strife, these
rulers stressed:
1. Political Unity
2. Compromise
3. Toleration or
indifference in
religious matters
Most Successful “Politique”

Queen Elizabeth I
Contrary to “Politiques”




Intolerant Rulers of
the 16th century:
Mary I, England
“Bloody Mary”
King Phillip II of
Spain
Oliver Cromwell ,
England (chapter 13)
FRQ #3





Compare & Contrast the religious policies
of TWO of the following (2002):
Elizabeth I of England
Queen Isabella of Spain
Catherine de Medici of France
Mary I (Tudor) of England
In France,

Catholics and Protestants engaged in a civil
war for power during the mid 1500’s.
French Protestants



were known as
“Huguenots”
were Calvinist
By 1560, Huguenots
made up 1/15th of
entire population
40% of French Nobility
Embraced Calvinism




the French Huguenot Nobility sought:
1. Rebellion against monarchy
2. Political Power
Majority Resided in: Dauphine, Languedoc
regions
October 18, 1534




Protestants plastered
Paris with anti- Catholic
flyers
Mass arrests ensued
John Calvin driven to
exile
1540 Edict of
Fontainbleau =
subjected French
Protestants to the
inquisition
Khan Academy – Varieties of
Protestantism; Huguenots

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ZsIy
KHTNI
French Conflict Began When…



Catholic French King
Henry II Valois (R.
1547-1559) died in
jousting accident
(1559)
a lance pierced his
visor…
Pierced left eye, thru
brain, out right ear 
The Struggle for Power In France




Henry II’s Sickly 15 year
old son Francis II
inherited the throne
He died a year later…
Henry II’s Widow,
Catherine de’ Medici
acted as Queen Regent
Until younger sons were
old enough to rule
French Wars of Religion (15621598)




3 Powerful Families Saw Opportunity
and fought for Control of France:
1. The Bourbons (Huguenots)
2. The Montmorency-Chatillons
(Huguenot)
3. The Guises (Extreme Catholics)
Catherine de’ Medici



Her Father was grandson
of Lorenzo the
Magnificent (Medici!)
At first she sought an
alliance with Protestant
Huguenots
Why? 2/5ths of nobles
were Huguenots
Catherine de Medici Signed
The…




January Edict, 1562
And Granted
Protestants
1. freedom to worship
publicly outside of
towns
2. privately within
them
Catherine de Medici as a
Politique


Tried to reconcile
Catholic and
Protestant Factions
in France
Although Catholic,
was tolerant of
Huguenots for
political reasons
Duke of Guise (Catholic Guise
Family)



Massacred Protestant
worshippers In 1562
In Champagne
This event marked the
beginning of the
French Wars of
Religion
Catherine Feared The Guises

Would the Guise
family try to
overthrow Catherine
de Medici if she
didn’t ally herself
with them?
Political Intrigue…



The Huguenot
Henry of Navarre
(Bourbon Family)
Married Marguerite
of Valois (Catholic)–
Catherine de Medici’s
sister in law!!!
August 20th, 1572
In a Panic, Catherine de Medici

Cemented her
alliance with the
Catholic
extremists, the
Guise Family
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre



August 24, 1572
3,000 Huguenots
slaughtered in Paris
20,000 Huguenots
killed across France
Catherine & Guises



Planned the
assassination of
Coligny, Protestant
military leader
Coligny died during
St. Bartholomew’s
massacre
Henry III – Son of Henry II &
Catherine de Medici





(r. 1574-1589)
Inherited French
Throne & Civil War
He was Catholic
The Peace of
Beaulieu, 1576
Granted Huguenots
almost complete
religious freedom
Henry III Changed His Mind!


1577 dissolved Peace
of Beaulieu !
He gave into political
pressure of the
Catholic League
Henry of Navarre


Protestant leader & a
legal, alternative heir
to the throne
Bourbon Family
(Huguenot)
The 2 Henry’s Joined Forces


Henry III Created alliance with Henry of
Navarre against Guises & Catholic League
Then Henry III was killed…by a Priest!
Henry of Navarre Declared
Himself King of France (1589)!






Became “Henry IV”
Well Liked by people
Preached tolerance
Was a Huguenot
Was perceived as
Humble
“politique”
Shocking Announcement!




On July 25th, 1593
Henry IV
ABANDONED the
Protestant Faith!!
Converted to
Catholicism !
“Paris is worth a
mass” – Henry IV
Regarding Henry IV’s
Conversion


Huguenots were
horrified
Catholics were
skeptical
Henry IV’S Illegitimate Children





“Ladies Man”
1. Gabrielle d’ Estrees- 3
children!
2. Henriette de Balzac –
2 children!
3. Jacqueline de Bueil – 1
child (she married
someone else already
pregnant)
4. Charlotte des Essarts –
2 children
Edict of Nantes, 1598




1. Huguenots gained freedom of public
worship
2. Right of assembly
3. Admission to public Universities
4. Permission to Maintain fortified towns
Henry IV Assassinated, 1610



Legacy- Trying to establish religious truce
His Edict of Nantes recognized minority
religious rights for Huguenots
Catholicism remained the official religion
in France after his death
Imperial Spain & Religious
Policies




Isabella I (1451-1504):
Marriage with Ferdinand (1469) unified
northern Spain
Goals: reduce power of nobility, increase
power of the crown, gain southern Spanish
territory
Catholic Identity – “Los Reyes Catolicos”
The Inquisition



Established 1480 by
Isabella & Ferdinand
Political & Religious
reasons
Series of
investigations & trials
against “nonbelievers”
Tomas de Torquemada




1483 was named
“Inquisitor General”
Responsible for
establishing rules &
inquisitorial
procedure
Too much power?
Executed thousands
Victims of Inquisitorial
Persecution





1. Investigation
2. Trial
3. auto de fe – Public penance of condemned
heretics. Mass – prayer- procession of the guiltyreading of sentences
3. Punishment – case turned over to civil
authorities who then chose death penalty.
* land/businesses confiscated
Victims of Inquisitorial
Persecution




newly converted
Jews =“Conversos”
Muslims =
“Moriscos”
Practicing faith in
secret
Victims of Inquisitorial
Persecution



Heretics- those who
rejected Roman
Catholic orthodoxy
Various Protestant
groups
Sects: Alumbrados
believed they could
communicate with
holy spirit, causing
divine visions etc.
1492



“Mediterranean
Diaspora”
Muslims & Jews who
refused to convert to
Catholicism
were Expelled from
Spain by royal edict
Phillip II (r. 1556-1598)



Son of Charles V
Grandson of Juana la
Loca & Felipe el
Hermoso
Great Grandson of
Isabella & Ferdinand
Phillip II of Spain’s World:


Spain, the Americas,
Austria, Bohemia,
Hungary,
Netherlands
Increased wealth
from new world =
inflation
The Netherlands (Holland)




1. Wealthy – trade rich ports, commercial
cities (Antwerp)
2. Diverse
3. Independent
4. Tolerant of various faiths
Revolt in the “Spanish”
Netherlands”



Phillip II of Spain
Placed his ½ sister
Margaret of Parma
as regent (ruler) of
the Netherlands
Dutch Opposition to Spanish
Rule





Phillip II & Margaret
Imposed decrees of the
Council of Trent
Dutch unhappy
1564 the Compromiseopposition to Spanish
rule:
pledged to resist decrees
of Council of Trent,
Inquisition
Enter William of Orange…
William of Orange (1533-1584)



“The Silent”
Emerged as leader of
independence
movement in
Netherlands
Catholic- then
Lutheran- then
Calvinist
1566 Calvinist Riots


People of Netherlands
asked German
Lutherans & French
Huguenots for help
Phillip II Sent Duke
of Alba & his army of
10,000 to quell revolt
Punishment



Phillip II
Raised taxes in the
Netherlands
Persecuted
Protestants
Resistance


William of Orange
led independence
movement
Enlisted help of anti
Spanish group “Sea
Beggars”
Forms of Protest

Dutch sabotaged their
own dikes & flooded
country IN 1574 !
Spanish Mercenaries




Looted & killed
people of Antwerp
1576
7,000 dead
“Spanish Fury”
As a result…
Unification!



10 Catholic provinces
(Belgium) and
7 Protestant Northern
Provinces
(Netherlands)
United against
SPANISH rule
Pacification of Ghent

Officially Unified
“The Netherlands” in
1576
Phillip II Declared



William of Orange
An “outlaw” &
placed a price on his
head 
Spain continued to
fight over
Netherlands until
1580’s
Netherlands asked England for
Help



Elizabeth I
Helped Dutch
resistance movement
An independent
Netherlands
advantageous
Resolution:



Spanish Armada invaded England 1588
England & France recognized Netherlands
as an independent country 1596
Spain lost (both), did not formally
recognize Netherlands as independent until
1648!!!
Thirty Years’ War

1618-1648 The most destructive war of
religion
Holy Roman Empire, 1600


No clear religious majority in German
territories
Over 300 politically independent
principalities!
Causes of the Thirty Years’ War
(1618-1648)



1. Political Divisions: Germany was decentralized, and fragmented (unlike
England, France, Spain)
2. Religious Divisions: Both Protestants
and Catholics fought to protect their
interests
The Peace of Augsburg did not recognize
Calvinism
Causes of the Thirty Years’ War



3. International Interference:
France (Catholic) opposed any policy that
would create a strong power in Germany.
The Lutheran Kings of Denmark &
Sweden were prepared to defend Protestant
Interests
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)





4 Phases:
1. Bohemian Phase (1618 -1625)
2. Danish Phase (1625-1629)
3. Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
4. Swedish- French Phase (1635-1648)
1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)




Began in modern day
Czech Republic
(Bohemia)
After Ferdinand of
Styria was crowned
King, 1618 
He was Catholic
Majority of
Population was
Protestant
1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)


Ferdinand of Styria
Became Holy Roman
Emperor 1619 and
became known as
Emperor Ferdinand II
Bohemians deposed him,
and declared Frederick
V their King
(Calvinist)
1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)



Emperor Ferdinand
II (Styria)…
Did not have army, so
he asked the Duke of
Bavaria Maximilian
for help
Spain also sent troops
1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)




Emperor Ferdinand II (of Styria)Won
Regained throne
Re-Catholicized Bohemia & Palatinate
region
Meanwhile, the Duke of Bavaria
Maximilian continued fighting in
Northwest Germany
2. Danish Period ( 1625-1629)



King Christian IV of
Denmark (Lutheran)
Entered German
states 1625
Intervened in order to
support Protestants
King Christian IV, Denmark

1625-#support your
Protestant brothers in the
German territories!

1629 - # intervention a
fail 
1629 – why did I get
involved?

2. Danish Period ( 1625-1629)



Emperor Ferdinand II
Hired Albrecht von Wallenstein & his
army invade Denmark
Wallenstein's forces defeated King
Christian IV of Denmark
2. Danish Period ( 1625-1629)

Emperor Ferdinand II issued Edict of
Restitution (1629)- The return of all
Catholic church land confiscated by
Protestants in the last 70 years.
3. The Swedish Period (16301635)



Gustavos Adolphus
of Sweden (Lutheran)
Leader of Protestant
forces
Interested in German
territory along Baltic
3. The Swedish Period (16301635)


1630 Victory at
Breitenfield (for
Protestant Gustavos
Adolphus)
Wallenstein’s army
killed Gustavus
Adolphus ,1632
Emperor Ferdinand II


Had Albrecht Wallenstein assassinated in
1634…
Feared his betrayal and growing power
4. The Swedish -French Period
(1635-1648)


French & Swedes
united and fought
against Spain and its
allies
Most destructive,
violent phase of war
4. The Swedish -French Period
(1635-1648)


Battleground:
German territories!
French, Swedish,
Dutch armies
burned German
farms and
destroyed
commerce.
4. The Swedish -French Period
(1635-1648)






Impact on German Territories:
1. German towns decimated
2. Looting, pillaging, agricultural collapse
3. By 1648, German empire had 8
MILLION fewer inhabitants than in 1618.
4. War killed 1/3rd of population
*reminiscent of WWI. What was the war
about anyways?
Treaty of Westphalia- 1648





1. Ended all hostilities within Holy Roman
Empire
2. Written in French, not Latin (French
became diplomatic language)
3. Ruler of land determines religion of land
4. Calvinists gained recognition
5. Recognized independence of Swiss
confederacy, Netherlands
Consequences of Thirty Years’
War (1618-1648)





1. Devastation of the German economy
2. Depletion of German populations
3. Germany remained fragmented for
another 2 centuries
4. France emerged as the strongest power
in Europe
5. Holy Roman Empire declined in
importance
Life During the Thirty Years’
War
Life During the Thirty Years’
War