Transcript The Age of Religious Wars

THE FRENCH WARS OF
RELIGION
Jodi Van
Arianna Jones
Kayla Branscum
Semariah Williams
Tucker Buxton
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
- French Protestants are known as Huguenots and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s when the Reformation
broke out
- 1540 - the Edict of Fontainebleau that allowed for protestants
to be subjected to the Inquisition
- The Habsburg-Valois wars and the Treaty of CateauCambresis lead to a moment of peace, but the death of Henry
II lead to his sickly brother Francis II to take the throne
- The monarchy was now weakened, and the Guise, Bourbon,
and Montmorency-Chatillon families tried to establish a hold of
the monarchy
- The Guise Family established the most control over the young
king and their name became synonymous with militant,
reactionary Catholicism
APPEAL OF CALVINISM
- Huguenots were a majority of the
population in only two areas, Daphiné
and Languedoc
- Huguenots held important geographic
areas and were heavily represented
among the more powerful segments of
French society
- Hoped to establish more a principal in
France territorial sovereignty
- Calvinist religious convictions proved
useful to their political goals
-
The military organization of Condé and
Coligny progressively merged with the
religious organization of the French
Huguenot churches
-
The resistance made Calvinism a viable
religion in Catholic France
-
Confluence of secular and religious
motives, beneficial to aristocratic
resistance and Calvinism
-
Religious conviction not the only or
main reason for becoming a Calvinist
in France
CATHERINE DE MEDICIS AND THE GUISE
- This massacre forced the crown to cooperate
with the Guises
- First war of religion starts and the Duke of
Guise is assassinated and Huguenot leadership
was passed to Coligny.
-Peace of Germain-en-Late in 1570 ended this
war and allowed Huguenots religious freedoms
and the right to fortify cities.
- Meanwhile, Queen Catherine wanted a
Catholic France, despite supporting Protestants
MAIN IDEAS:
before.
- Catherine de Medicis was put into power in
- Catherine plotted with the Guises against the
place of her minor son.
ascendant Protestants.
- Tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics,
- Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered
issuing the January Edict in 1562
- The duke of Guise, a renowned militant Catholic, in Paris in 1562 and 20,000 within 3 days
- This transformed arguments between religions
surprised a Protestant congregation in
Champagne and massacred a lot of worshippers, and guilds into an international struggle for
sheer survival against an adversary whose
sparking the beginning of the French wars of
cruelty justified by any means of resistance
religion
TIMELINE:
1560 - Francis II dies
1562 - January Edict issue
March 1562 - Protestants slaughtered
1562-1563 - First war of religion
1568-1570 - Second war of religion
1570 - Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1572 - Attempt was taken on Coligny’s life and St
Bartholomew's Day Massacre
THE RISE OF POWER OF HENRY OF NAVARRE
TIMELINE:
- 1576 – 1577 – Peace of Beaulieu
- 1580s – Catholic League dominant and
had support of Spain
- 1588 – Day of Barricades
- 1589 – Henry III assassinated
- 1593 – Henry IV reconverted to
Catholicism
MAIN IDEAS/WHAT HAPPENED:
- Henry III was stuck in between the
conflict of the Catholic League and the
Protestants
-
-
-
-
Peace of Beaulieu established but dissolved
soon after because of the Catholic League’s
strong opposition
Henry III tried to attack the Catholic League
but failed during the Day of Barricade and
was forced to join hands with Henry of
Navarre
Henry III assassinated and Henry of Navarre
(Henry IV) came to power
Spain and Pope disliked this because they
did not want a Protestant King
Became a well liked king and established
religious freedom through Edict of Nantes,
broke ties with spain and ended wars of
religion
THE EDICT OF NANTES
Timeline:
- April 13, 1598 - Henry IV initiates Edict
of Nantes
- May 2, 1598 - Treaty of Vervins
Nantes - formal religious settlement/
truce, let the Huguenots have freedom
of public worship, be able to assemble,
and maintain towns
- 1610 - Henry IV assassinated
- Recognized minority religious rights
within catholic country
1685 - Edict of Nantes revoked
- Created a state within a state
- After death Louis XIV called for “one
king, one law, one religion” revoked
Edict of Nantes
Pillars
of
Spanish
power
Phillip II was heir to the Habsburg Kingdom
The regular arrival in Seville of bullion (type of gold) from the
Spanish colonies in the New World provided lots of wealth
Europe became richer and it also became more populous
(population tripled in France, England, and the Netherlands)
which triggered inflation
Spain became the heaviest taxed people in Europe
Phillip II organized the lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient
national bureaucracy.
In May 1571, the largest naval battle of the 16th century
occurred between the holy league of Spain, Venice and Genoa
and the Turkish. But the result of this battle ended in spain
gaining temporary control of the medditerean
The Revolt In The Netherlands
After Charles V gave Spain to Phillip II he went and conquered the
Netherlands
Netherland towns were the most independent in Europe & were strongly
Calvinist
A national called the compromise was devised in 1564 because of this the
Calvinist began to riot
Phillip sent the Duke of Alba, along with 10,000 men to suppress the revolts
The Compromise
The Compromise started in 1564
It is about the fusion of politics and religious opposition
Full scale rebellion against the Spanish regency
A lot of people came together to submit a petition of the regent Margaret of
Parma with the objective of obtaining a moderation of the Placards
Compromise Pictures
William the Orange
The Pacification of Ghent
After Requesens death in 1576 became the greatest atrocity of the war.
This atrocity was that Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran and amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576. This amok led to leaving 7000
people dead on the streets of Antwerp. This was known as the Spanish fury
The Spanish fury Atrocity had been accomplished in just 4 days. Neither religion or patriotism had previously done before. (like Group)
After the Spanish fury the Pacification of Ghent was formed. It was formed by ten largely Catholic southern provinces (modern Belgium) and seven
largely Protestant northern province ( Modern Netherland). These groups came together to unified the opposition to spain.
The pacification of Ghent was established on November 8, 1576
The Pacification of Ghent was the Netherlands version of the territorial settlement of religious diffrencens brought about by the Holy Roman Empire in
1555 ( the peace of Augsberg).
Don John – the victor over the Turks at Lepando in 1571, took control over the Spanish land forces in November 1576
Don John had his first defeat against the Netherlands. He had to sign a Humiliating perpetual in February 1577, which he had to remove all of his
Spanish troops with in 20 days.
The Union of Arras and the Union of UtrechtThe Spanish were really persistent- Don John and Alexander of Parma received power in the southern province.
In 1579 the southern province formed the Union of Arras that made peace with Spain. These provinces later served as a counter –re-formation. As a
response the northern formed the Union of Utrecht.
The Duke of Alba and the
resistance unification
Fernando lvorez de Toledo was nicknamed the Iron Duke due to his harsh
rule by Protestants and Calvinists
In the Netherlands there was a resistance to Spanish rule led by William of
Orange.
He was the stag holder of Holland, Zealand and Utfecht and those city's
were Calvinists.
The Reasons for rebellion were for the extremely high taxes for the people.
England and Spain
By Alisa, Anthony, Josie, and
Victoria
Background and Content
Prince Arthur married Catherine of Aragon and died shortly after
marrying her before he could become the king.
After the death of Arthur, his brother Henry VIII married the
widow.(1509)
Only having one daughter and 18 years of marriage, he sought
for the annulment of his marriage.(1527)
Once denied the annulment he assigned Thomas Cranmer and
Thomas Cromwell as his close advisors.(1529)
Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as archbishop of
Canterbury.(1529)
Following that Thomas Cranmer invalidated his marriage.(1529)
King Henry then enacted the Act of Supremacy which declared
Henry the only supreme head of the Church of England.(1531)
Mary I
Mary ruled for 5 years
In 1554,
•Mary entered a very unpopular marriage with Philip II of Spain, which was a symbol of militant
Catholicism to English Protestants
•Mary crushed the rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt
In 1555, revived England’s heresy laws and began burning offenders at the stake:
•nearly 300 English Protestants burned
• dozens of Protestants died in prison
• about 800 fled to Protestant strongholds in Germany and Geneva
•the great Protestant leaders of the Edwardian age were executed for heresy
In 1558, a brief war with France caused England to lose its last French enclave at
Calais
Elizabeth I
Mary’s half sister
Success in both domestic and foreign policy
Elizabeth hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism by presuming
middle ways
Elizabeth also refused to take Philip II’s hand in marriage
Elizabeth executed Mary of the scotts
Elizabeth died March 23, 1603
She acted swiftly against Catholic assassination plots
She believed in the execution of a sovereign even a dethroned sovereign weakened
royalty
Spain
Strong Catholic sentiment since reign of Ferdinand and Isabella and the Inquisition (late 15th century)
Spain ruled by Philip II from 1556 to 1598
•son of Charles V, part of the powerful Hapsburg family, husband of Mary I of England
Philip II and Elizabeth I wanted to avoid confrontation but conflict between Spain and England occurs
due to:
•1567: Spanish duke of Alba marches army to Netherlands to quell Protestant resistance
•From England’s perspective, Spain is staging an attack
•Treaty of Nonsuch (1585) provided English soldiers to the Netherlands to aid Dutch rebels
•English raids against Spanish commerce coming back from the New World
•1587: Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic heir to English throne
•Pope Sixtus V supports Spanish invasion of England (1587)
Spanish Armada (1588): fleet of 130 ships bearing 25,000 soldiers and sailors to invade England
•Originally delayed due to Sir Francis Drake’s shelling of Spanish ports (1587)
•English and Dutch ships were swifter
•English victory
•1/3 of Spanish fleet never returned to Spain
Spain faces unified French, English, and Dutch Protestant resistance and loses international power
Rachael Medalia, Penelope Beagles, Nathan Sachs,
Bryan Vo, Yaroslav Kravchuk
The Thirty Years war
Disputes leading to war
PRECONDITIONS
OF WAR
General religious conflict among Protestants and Catholics
Fragmented German states were independent/isolated, with
over 360 separate states. German Rulers desired religious
unity, which would increase power of HRE and somewhat unite
the states
Catholic power in Austrian Habsburg ruling line and
Bavaria, with protestant population. Conflicting views
make it impossible to live this lifestyle
Created Catholic League In 1609, led by Maximilian I of
Bavaria, which conflicted with the protestant population
Rising political power of Calvinists. Created
Protestant League in 1608.
Personal ambitions of Emperor Ferdinand II
German leaders dreamed of a unified Germany, which would
grant much power to
Defenestration of Prague
A more distinct event that dramatically portrayed relationship
between the protestants and the Catholics
FOUR PERIODS
OF WAR
BOHEMIAN PHASE- (1618-1621)
Defenestration of Prague
Ferdinand II (Catholic king of Bohemia and Holy Roman
Emperor) officials thrown out of third story window of Hradcany
Castle in Prague by Calvinists unhappy with Ferdinand’s
restrictions against Protestantism.
Emperor Ferdinand II gets support of Maximilian I of Bavaria
and invades Bohemia. Victory at White Mountain defeats
Frederick V’s Protestant forces.
DANISH PHASE- (1625-1629)
King Christian IV, the Lutheran ruler of Denmark, and a Prince
of the Holy Roman Empire invades the Holy Roman Empire to
support the Protestants
Albrecht Von Wallenstein , assisted Ferdinand II raised an
army and defeated the Danish. They then occupied Holstein,
King Christians’s H.R.E. Duchy.
Bohemian rebels took control of Prague and declared
Frederick V, a Calvinist as the new King of Bohemia.
Treaty of Lubeck restores Holstein to King Christian IV
FOUR PERIODS
OF WAR
SWEDISH PHASE- (1630-1635)
In 1630, the Swedish, led by Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus
invaded the Holy Roman empire liberated much of the Protestant
territory lost in the Danish Phase
French and Swedish sign a Political Alliance with France aiding
Sweden with funds of weapons and soldiers.
Emperor Ferdinand’s forces led by Wallenstein are defeated by the
Swedes at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632, but Gustavus Adolphus is
killed.
The Treaty of Prague in 1635 ended the Swedish phase and
Strengthened Hapsburg power over the German Princes
FRENCH PHASE- (1630-1648)
Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister of Louis XIII) disregarded the
Treaty of Prague and attacked the H.R.E to gain territory and to
weaken the Habsburgs.
French success against the Habsburgs in Spain emboldened them
to send more Forces to the H.R.E., weakening it against other foes.
Ferdinand II dies in 1637 and his son Ferdinand III succeeds him.
Peace negotiations begin 1641 and are futile until Richelieu dies in
1642 and France occupies Bavaria in 1646.
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
Creation of the Treaty of Westphalia
(October, 1648)
The assembly of the treaty involved 194 states who were represented by
179 plenipotentiaries. Papal Nuncio Fabio Chigi, a.k.a Pope Alexander,
and the Venetian Ambassador were in charge.
The Treaty of Westphalia, also known as the Peace of
Westphalia, signified the end of the Thirty Years War.
Communication between leaders was slow and inefficient, causing great
delay in finalizing agreements.
The conference lasted four years, the first 6 months of which were used
to argue housing and privileges. The signing ceremony took place on
October 24th 1648 at 2:00, a Saturday.
Outcomes the Treaty Actualized
A weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor himself(against princes), and
Habsburg Empire (Several below states gain independence from empire).
The treaty generally progressed Europe into a further recognizable,
modern shape. Borders were drawn for new states that gained
independence, like Dutch+Netherlands and Switzerland, while also
including the rise of Prussia. These new nations quickly established
themselves in the competitive nationalism of the modern world.
Calvinism was accepted and embraced by HRE. Additional religious
freedom/tolerance was granted to Catholics and Lutherans. Freedom of
private worship, which causes almost no more European religious
warfare.
Germany remained autonomous, isolated, and fragmented.
SOURCES
http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyear
swar.html
http://historylearning.com/the-thirty-yearswar0/thirty-years-war0/
http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/20
16/01/ending-new-thirty-years-war
http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/militar
y-history/king-gustavus-adolphus-breitenfeldand-the-birthplace-of-modern-war/
https://armchaircapitalist.wordpress.com/201
1/03/16/thirty-years-war-danish-phase/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_
War
http://www.historytoday.com/richardcavendish/treaty-westphalia