Transcript The Protestant Reformation Spreads

The Protestant
Reformation Spreads
Eek! The Reformation Spreads and Some Lose
Their Heads!
Spreads
The Time: 1500s
The Result: Years of bloody religious wars,
revolutions, and the beginnings of modern nation
states.
And so it spreads....
The Holy
Roman Empire
(Germany)
Spreads
Spreads
What happens to Luther?
Luther is excommunicated in 1521
Summoned before the imperial diet at Worms to appear before
the newly-elected Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
•What was Luther asked to do?
•Edict of Worms.
•What is it?
How did he respond?
Religious War # 1
Religious Wars in Holy
Roman Empire
(Germany)
1520s -1555
300,000 revolt
100,000 die
Spreads
Religious War # 1
300,000 revolt
100,000 die
German Peasants Revolt!
Peasants in Germany revolted in 1524 and
looked to Luther for support.
Why did they revolt?
economic burdens, taxes
How did Lutheranism contribute to their revolt?
nobles & wealthy princes were also rebelling against established
Church power
What did Luther do?
Why?
He took the middle road- supported revolt against church but didn’t
support complete freedoms for peasants
Spreads
Politics in Germany during the Reformation
“Germany” was a loosely affiliated group of Principalities, free imperial cities,
and ecclesiastical (church based) principalities.
All pledged loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom they elected,
States had gained a great deal of independence from the Emperor and they
wanted to keep it.
How did this contribute to adoption of Lutheranism by Princes?
Lutheranism, which preached separation from the
church and keeping all the tithe money in Germany
itself, made “breaking away” very attractive
Spreads
Charles V: King of Germany, Spain, and more
Charles V (Hapsburg) was heir to the Spanish throne (as
Charles I)
• He ruled over a far-flung empire. 4 million square miles!
• Spain and its possessions,
• Hapsburg territories of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and the Low Countries.
• Also, selected as the Holy Roman Emperor, which had traditionally gone to the
Hapsburgs.
• New world of the Incan and Aztec empires
• He wanted to stamp out Lutheranism and exert stronger control
over the princes, but he had other problems.
The Protestant Reformation
Spreads
1 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know
Spreads
By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to Germany
Lutheranism had taken hold and princes were unified and organized.
Forced to enter into the Peace of Augsburg 1555
Terms?
Allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism
within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the
independence they had over their states. Subjects who did not wish to conform to the
prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had
been accepted.
Did it create religious tolerance?
some but not much
Consequences for Lutheranism?
spreads widely; threatens
the Pope’s power and the
Catholic Church
And so it spreads....
Switzerland
A civil war in
Switzerland based on
religious differences
New
flavors of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Switzerland was the heart
Zwinglianism
of two other movements.
Zwinglianism- another Protestant religion but it differs from Lutheranism in
some doctrine.
Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Starting in 1518 he preached in Zurich.
Zwingli is killed and Zwinglianism is defeated in Swiss civil war in 1531 between Catholic
and Protestant states.
Calvinism After the death Zwingli, protestant leadership in
Switzerland passed to John Calvin.
1536 Institutes of Christian Religion puts him
at the forefront of Protestantism.
Similarities and differences with Lutheranism?
Predestination
the elect vs. the reprobates
Predestination means that God in an had determined in advance who
would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the
reprobate).
Calvinism
1536 Calvin creates a Calvinist theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
He set up a court (Consistory) to oversee the moral life and
doctrinal purity of people of Geneva, Switzerland
SINNER!
He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity
of Genevans.
Calvinism
Became a relatively
militant and unforgiving
doctrine. American
Puritans were
Calvinists.
He set up a court to oversee the moral life
and doctrinal purity
phillips.blogs.com
of Genevans.
Calvinism
Calvin’s success in
Geneva made it a
powerful center of
Protestantism.
John Knox, spreads Calvinism to
Scotland. Presbyterian Church.
Spreads to France—Huguenots.
Netherlands and eastern Europe.
By the mid-16th century Calvinism had
replaced Lutheranism as the militant
form of Protestantism.
He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity
of Genevans.
And so it spreads....
And so it spreads....
France
Religious War # 2
Civil Wars of France
mid 1550-1600
somewhere between
30,000 and 700,000
die
Calvinists Protestants in France are called
Huguenots.
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
French Civil Wars had two intertwined causes: Religion and
struggle between crown and nobles.
Fight between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot (Calvinist)
minority.
•Battle between the ruling Valois vs Bourbon house and the
nobles over how much power the monarchy would have.
•Huguenots came from all layers of society including the nobility.
•Proportion of Huguenots among the nobility was much higher
than in the population as a whole.
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Why were so many nobles Huguenots?
House of Bourbon became Huguenots.
Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession.
Rules the southern France
The Valois monarchy is staunchly Catholic.
Because it has control of the church, it has little incentive to
give Protestants a break
andrewhongnsw.spaces.live.com
St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572
Massacre took place six days after the
wedding of the king's sister Margaret to
the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the
future Henry IV of France). This
marriage was an occasion for which
many of the most wealthy and prominent
Huguenots had gathered in largely
Catholic Paris.
5000 to 30,000 dead.
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com
France
In 1589 Henry of Navarre succeeds to the crown
•He is from House of Bourbon and leader of the Huguenots
•What does he do to get the nation to accept him and
end the Civil War?
•he converts to Catholicism
The Protestant Reformation
Spreads
2 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know
What was the first treaty you need to know?
Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555
France
Edict of Nantes (1598)—
• Catholicism is the official religion of France
• Huguenots guaranteed freedom of worship and right to
all political privileges.
• Huguenots have the right to fortify their castles and
towns.
Later, the Edict of Nantes is revoked (taken
back) and many Huguenots flee the country
And so it spreads....
Europe in
General...the
Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
the Anabaptists
Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists
considered all believers equal.
Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians
were considered priests.
Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.
the Anabaptists
Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church
and state.
Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms.
They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill.
Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be
branded dangerous radicals.
the Anabaptists
Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists.
Anabaptist catcher
The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning
second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult
baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups.
And so it spreads....
Spain
under Phillip II
Spain (under Phillip II)
Charles V - ruler of HRE - abdicates in 1556.
Phillip II --son of Charles V takes over
the throne
•He divided his empire between his younger brother
Ferdinand, who gets Holy Roman Empire and Austria and
his son Phillip, who gets Spain, Netherlands and New
World possessions.
•Phillip’s goals:
•Strengthen the central monarchy in Spain
•Strengthen power of Church and beat back
Protestantism...
Spain (under Phillip II)
Spain (under Phillip II) and the Spanish
Netherlands
Spanish Netherlands were very
important to Spain. Why?
Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s
control over the area led to revolt. Why?
Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists
destroy Catholic Churches.
Phillip sends in 10,000 troops under the
Duke of Alva
• William of Orange fights for the Dutch
• English Aid to Netherlands
•1609 truce ends the war
Core of modern Dutch Netherlands.
And so it spreads....
Back to Germany
and
other parts of Europe
More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe
Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social
crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil
and wars, other factors contributed:
•Economy was hurting
Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the renaissance
period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers.
Spain’s fortunes declined.
Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to dislocation of
farmers and intermittent food shortages.
•Results in leveling and even slight decline in the population of
Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black
Death.
More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe
Witchcraft
Economic and social
upheaval results in social
tensions that manifest
themselves in witchcraft
craze.
•Causes?
•As many as 100,000 trials
•Who was most frequently
accused? Why?
Religious War # 3
Thirty Years Wars
1618-1648
estimated
11,500,000 die
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
Last of the religious wars
Protestants (Lutheran and Calvinist)
vs
Catholics in HRE
also dynasty rivalry and balance of power.
•The Calvinists weren’t mentioned in the Peace of Augsburg
•King of Bohemia and the big pile of dung
•Started in the Holy Roman Empire
•Causes?
•Protestant Union
•Catholic League
•Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
• Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Protestant Bourbons
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
• Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs
Hapsburg Lip - years of inbreeding among the Austrian
Hungarian family
Hapsburgs are THE dynasty in the Holy Roman
Empire. They ALWAYS support the Catholic Church
They are the most powerful family n Europe for
many, many years
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
• French ruling family Bourbons- during the 30 years war
THE man - the financial advisor to the French king
Louis XIII during the Thirty Years War........
Cardinal Richelieu
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
Cardinal Richelieu
He is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the
modern sense of the term.
He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic
factions.
He limited the power of the nobility, he transformed France
into a strong, centralized state.
His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of
the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French
dominance in the Thirty Years' War.
Although he was a Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to
make alliances withProtestant rulers in attempting to achieve
this goal.
He changes the focus of the 30 Years War from
religious to political
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
This series of wars
involved almost all of
Europe
The armies completely
denuded the land
Famine and disease
were significant
War devastates Germany.
1/3 of urban and 40% of rural
population destroyed.
Economy ravaged
3 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know
What was the first treaty you need to know?
Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555
What was the second treaty you need to know?
France- Edict of Nantes- 1598
Europe (mainly HRE)
• Treaty of Westphalia 1648
Terms
•
End of HRE as real political entity. Each of the German princes recognized as
sovereign, independent authority
Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged.
France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige.
France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs.
Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs.
Portugal recognized as independent of Spain.
• France emerges as the dominant nation in Europe.
• No longer is the Catholic Church the most powerful empire in Europe
Now Europe is looking more like the Europe you
know
Why the Treaty of Westphalia is so important
Europe countries are recognized as sovereign polity - their
own nations
• Imposes peace after century of ugly religious slaughter over
points of christian doctrine
• Important because great Enlightenment philosopher John
Locke says religion dangerous.
A quick
review
Who changed the focus of the 30 Years War
from religious to political?
a. HRE Charles V
b. Cardinal Richelieu
c. Queen Elizabeth
d. King Gustavus Adolphus
Which dynasty approved of the Peace of
Ausberg under HRE Charles V and always
supported the Catholic Church?
a. Tudor
b. Stuart
c. Romanov
d. Hapsburg
Which dynasty is which?
a. Tudor - English
b. Stuart - English
c. Romanov - Russian
d. Hapsburg - Austrian Hungarian
And so it spreads....
England
Bloody Mary
Mary
Henry VIII has 3 kids
Elizabeth
Edward