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Religious War # 1 Religious Wars in Holy Roman Empire (Germany) 1520s -1555 300,000 revolt 100,000 die The Protestant Reformation Spreads Religious War # 1 300,000 revolt 100,000 die German Peasants Revolt! Peasants in Germany revolted in 1524 and looked to Luther for support. Why did they revolt? economic burdens, taxes How did Lutheranism contribute to their revolt? nobles & wealthy princes were also rebelling against established Church power What did Luther do? Why? He took the middle road- supported revolt against church but didn’t support complete freedoms for peasants The Protestant Reformation Spreads Politics in Germany during the Reformation “Germany” was a loosely affiliated group of Principalities, free imperial cities, and ecclesiastical (church based) principalities. All pledged loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom they elected, States had gained a great deal of independence from the Emperor and they wanted to keep it. How did this contribute to adoption of Lutheranism by Princes? Lutheranism, which preached separation from the church and keeping all the tithe money in Germany itself, made “breaking away” very attractive The Protestant Reformation Spreads Charles V: King of Germany, Spain, and more Charles V (Hapsburg) was heir to the Spanish throne (as Charles I) • He ruled over a far-flung empire. 4 million square miles! • Spain and its possessions, • Hapsburg territories of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and the Low Countries. • Also, selected as the Holy Roman Emperor, which had traditionally gone to the Hapsburgs. • New world of the Incan and Aztec empires • He wanted to stamp out Lutheranism and exert stronger control over the princes, but he had other problems. The Protestant Reformation Spreads Charles V: His Frustration and local religious wars in Germany Charles wanted to preserve Catholic unity in his empire, but had to deal with other problems. What are they? War with France that lasted from 1521 until 1544. The Pope (Clement VII) had sided with the French King against Charles V of Spain, Germany, etc. Charles had to send troops to fight the French. Incursions in the east from the Turks. Had to send troops to fight them. Finally, many individual rulers of the German states supported Luther. The Protestant Reformation Spreads 1 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know Peace of Augsburg (1555) The Protestant Reformation Spreads By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to Germany Lutheranism had taken hold and princes were unified and organized. Forced to enter into the Peace of Augsburg 1555 Terms? Allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted. Did it create religious tolerance? some but not much spreads widely Consequences for Lutheranism? And so it spreads.... Switzerland A civil war in Switzerland based on religious differences Zwinglianism New flavors of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Switzerland was the heart of two other movements. Zwinglianism- another Protestant religion but it differs from Lutheranism in some doctrine. Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Starting in 1518 he preached in Zurich. Zwingli is killed and Zwinglianism is defeated in Swiss civil war in 1531 between Catholic and Protestant states. Calvinism After the death Zwingli, protestant leadership in Switzerland passed to John Calvin. 1536 Institutes of Christian Religion puts him at the forefront of Protestantism. Similarities and differences with Lutheranism? Predestination the elect vs. the reprobates Predestination means that God in an had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate). Calvinism 1536 Calvin creates a Calvinist theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland People who deviated could be punished, even for such “crimes” as dancing and gambling. He set up a court (Consistory) to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of people of Geneva, Switzerland SINNER! He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. Calvinism Became a relatively militant and unforgiving doctrine. American Puritans were Calvinists. He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. Calvinism Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism. John Knox, spreads Calvinism to Scotland. Presbyterian Church. Spreads to France—Huguenots. Netherlands and eastern Europe. By the mid-16th century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the militant form of Protestantism. He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. And so it spreads.... And so it spreads.... France Religious War # 2 Civil Wars of France mid 1500s-1600 somewhere between 30,000 and 700,000 die Calvinists Protestants in France are called Huguenots. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) French Civil Wars had two intertwined causes: Religion and struggle between crown and nobles. Fight between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot (Calvinist) minority. Battle between the ruling Valois-Bourbon house and the nobles over how much power the monarchy would have. Huguenots came from all layers of society including the nobility. •Proportion of Huguenots among the nobility was much higher than in the population as a whole. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Why were so many nobles Huguenots? House of Bourbon became Huguenots. Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession. Rules the southern French kingdom of Navarre. The Valois monarchy is staunchly Catholic. Because it has control of the church, it has little incentive to give Protestants a break andrewhongnsw.spaces.live.com Ultra Catholics of France During the period a militantly Catholic group emerged—ultraCatholics. Favored strict opposition to the Huguenots. •Ultra-Catholics had loyalty of large sections of the country •Received money and support from the papacy and the Jesuits. St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572 Massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris. 5000 to 30,000 dead. freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com France In 1589 Henry of Navarre succeeds to the crown •He is from House of Bourbon and leader of the Huguenots •What does he do to get the nation to accept him and end the Civil War? The Protestant Reformation Spreads 2 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know: Edict of Nantes What was the first treaty you need to know? Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555 France Edict of Nantes (1598)— • Catholicism is the official religion of France • Huguenots guaranteed freedom of worship and right to all political privileges. • Huguenots have the right to fortify their castles and towns. And so it spreads.... Europe in General...the Anabaptists (Mennonites) Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) the Anabaptists Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists considered all believers equal. Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians were considered priests. Women were often excluded from the ministry, however. the Anabaptists Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state. Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms. They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill. Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals. the Anabaptists Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists. Anabaptist catcher The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups. And so it spreads.... Spain under Phillip II Spain (under Phillip II) Phillip II --son of Charles V (HRE). Charles abdicates in 1556. He divided his empire between his younger brother Ferdinand, who gets Holy Roman Empire and Austria and his son Phillip, who gets Spain, Netherlands and New World possessions. Phillip’s goals: Strengthen the central monarchy in Spain Exert stronger authority over his territories. Strengthen power of Church and beat back Protestantism... Spain (under Phillip II) Spain (under Phillip II) Spain is a strongly Catholic nation. See themselves as nation chosen to protect Christianity from Protestantism. Phillip becomes the greatest advocate of militant Catholicism and ushers in an age of Spanish greatness and power. Insists on strict conformity to Catholicism and adherence to dictates of monarchy Holy League and Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Who do they defeat? Spain (under Phillip II) and the Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands were very important to Spain. Why? Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s control over the area led to revolt. Why? Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists destroy Catholic Churches. Phillip sends in 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alva William of Orange. English Aid to Netherlands 1609 truce ends the war Core of modern Dutch Netherlands. And so it spreads.... Back to Germany and other parts of Europe More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil and wars, other factors contributed: •Economy began to retract. •Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the renaissance period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers. •Spain’s fortunes declined. •Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to dislocation of farmers and intermittent food shortages. Results in leveling and even slight decline in the population of Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black Death. More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe Witchcraft Economic and Social upheaval results in social tensions that manifest themselves in witchcraft craze. Causes? As many as 100,000 trials Who was most frequently accused? Why? Religious War # 3 Thirty Years Wars 1618-1648 estimated 11,500,000 die Thirty Years War 1618-1648 Last of the religious wars, (Protestants v Catholics in HRE) but also dynasty rivalry and balance of power. •King of Bohemia and the big pile of dung •Started in the Holy Roman Empire Causes? Protestant Union Catholic League Austrian and Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons Thirty Years War 1618-1648 This series of wars involved almost all of Europe The armies completely denuded the land Famine and disease were significant Thirty Years War 1618-1648 This series of wars involved almost all of Europe The armies completely denuded the land Famine and disease were significant War devastates Germany. 1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population destroyed. Economy ravaged Thirty Years War As these territorial boundaries change there is increasing religious tension especially when Calvinism joins in battle of faith (they weren’t mentioned in the Peace of Augsburg) This will lead to the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestants 3 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know: Treaty of Westphalia (1648) What was the first treaty you need to know? Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555 What was the second treaty you need to know? France- Edict of Nantes- 1598 Europe (mainly HRE) • Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Terms • End of HRE as real political entity. Each of the German princes recognized as sovereign, independent authority • Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged. • France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige. • France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs. • Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs. • Portugal recognized as independent of Spain. France emerges as the dominant nation in Europe. Now Europe is looking more like the Europe you know •Why the Treaty of Westphalia is so important Europe countries are recognized as sovereign polity. no papacy overlord anymore. Imposes peace after century of ugly religious slaughter over points of christian doctrine like transubstation (is the body blood of Christ or not?) Important because great Enlightenment philosopher John Locke says religion dangerous. (it is about uniformity v consciousness) Debate on source of political authority - goes beyond the mere statescraft of Thomas More