Transcript File - Mr. Gunnells` Social Studies Class

The Renaissance
The Renaissance, Reformation, Explorers and the
Geography of Europe
Crusades
 Expeditions from 11th to the 13 centuries.
 Western European Christians wanted to take back the
“Holy” lands from the Muslims.
 Main Idea: Opened trade routes from Western Europe
to Asia and North Africa.
Rebirth of Europe
 Renaissance = Rebirth
 More interest in the ancient world.
 14th-16th centuries
 Began at the Italian Peninsula
 14th century- Italian Peninsula was split into city-states.
 Florence- Major trade city.
 New class of nobles called aristocrats. Earned
wealth via money and goods and not land, unlike the
nobles from the feudal system.
Learning and Arts Flourish
 Patrons were wealthy citizens who gave money to scholars
and artists in order to increase the standing of their citystate.
 Became a competition among city-states.
 Wanted to attract the best known scholars and poets.
 Art was also transformed, it no longer focused on religious
subjects.
 Some artists would paint or sculpt for wealthy patrons.
Leonardo da Vinci
 1452-1519
 Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
 Became well know for his painting but was also an inventor,
engineer and scientist.
 Studied the workings of the human body, flow of water
and the flight of birds.
 Sketched thousands of ideas such as: flying machines,
parachutes, and submarines.
William Shakespeare
 Famous playwright, created Romeo and Juliet and
Macbeth.
 Wrote more than two dozen plays, including tragedies and
comedies.
 Shakespeare’s work is among the most widely read in English,
even though the language has changed a great deal since his
death.
The Reformation
 16th century movement to change church practices.
 Roman Catholicism was still the most powerful religion in
Western Europe, however, the cultural innovation of the
Renaissance changed the views of many people.
Martin Luther
 German monk (1483-1546)
 Luther spoke out against the wealth and corruption of the
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Catholic Church.
Believed the practice of selling indulgences by the church was
unethical.
Indulgence- practice of forgiving sin in exchange for
money
1517- Luther attacked the Church’s sale of indulgences and
other practices. Excommunicated.
Translated the Bible from Latin to German.
Protestantism
 Protestants- Luther’s followers who protested against the
Catholic Church
 Conflict between the Protestants and the Catholic Church
led to religious wars in 1555.
 Peace of Augsburg- German rules could decide the official
religion of their own state.
The Counter Reformation 1545-1648
 As a response to Protestantism, the Catholic Church
launched its own movement called the Counter
Reformation.
 The Church stopped selling indulgences and created a
new religious order called the Society of Jesus or Jesuits.
 Jesuit missionaries and scholars worked to spread Catholic
ideas across Europe, to Asia, and to the lands of the “new
world” across the Atlantic Ocean.
 Jacques “Pier” Marquette
 Jesuit priest who travelled
to Michigan to convert
people to
Catholicism.
Geography of Europe
 Location: Mostly in the Eastern and Northern
hemisphere
 Movement:
Geography of Europe
 Human Environment Interaction:
 Farming
 Netherlands
 Cultural Diffusion:
 Spread of Christianity in the Crusades.
 BBC
 Premier League Soccer
Climate of Europe
 Gulf Stream:
 A warm ocean current of the Northern Atlantic Ocean off
Eastern North America.
 “Europe’s Central Heating”
 The Gulf Stream makes the climate of Western Europe
milder in comparison to other areas with the same latitude.
Goals of Exploration
 Spice Trade- Great demand
from Europe. Came from
Asia.
 Spices helped preserve food
and improve flavor.
 Italian merchants from Venice
and Genoa controlled the
Spice trade in Europe.
 Transporting goods was
extremely costly and
Europeans wanted to find a
way to trade directly with
Asia, so they searched for a
new trading route.
Prince Henry the Navigator
 1400’s- Portugal
 Sent explorers farther down the coast of Africa.
 Wanted to find a quicker route to Asia.
 The Portuguese continued to explore farther down the coast
of Africa.
 Vasco da Gama lead a sea expedition all the way to Asia from
Europe, by going south and around Africa. First Europeans to
discover a sea route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus
 Italian explorer- Left Spain
with 90 crew members and
three ships- the Santa Maria,
the Pinta, and the Niña.
 Instead of going south around
Africa like the other
explorers, Columbus went
directly west of Spain, hoping
to reach Asia quicker then the
Portugal explorers.
 The Atlantic Ocean was much
larger then predicted and on
October 12th, 1492 Columbus
thought he had found Asia but
actually found a Caribbean
island.
John Cabot
 King Henry VII of England did not want Portugal and Spain
to claim all the riches of Asia.
 Italian-born John Cabot was sent to explore, he believed that
a northern route across the Atlantic Ocean might be a
shortcut to Asia.
 1497-With only a small ship and 18 crew member, Cabot set
out and sailed west of England, landing in present-day
Newfoundland in Canada.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Still no closer to finding a quicker route to Asia. Spain
launched another expedition in 1519 with the Portuguese
explorer Ferdinand Magellan.
 Five ships and 200+ sailors left Spain. As they traveled west,
all the way down South America and across the Pacific
Ocean, sailors died to starvation, disease and violent storms.
Ferdinand Magellan cont.
 After 18 months Magellan and his crew did
reach the Philippines in Asia, however, shortly
after they arrived a battle took place. Magellan
had died and by the time the crew returned to
Spain there were only 18 crew members and
one boat.
 Magellan’s crew managed to circumnavigate,
meaning they sailed completely around the
world.
Outcomes of ExportationClash of Cultures
 With exploration came colonization.
 European countries founded many new colonies along the
costal areas of Africa and North and South America.
 These conquered lands had indigenous peoples, meaning
self-ruling populations who already lived there.
 Imperialism- practice of one country controlling the
government and economy of another country or territory.
Religious Conversion
 The European leaders were all Christians and they wanted to
spread their religious beliefs to conquered peoples. To do
this, they sent missionaries and religious officials to convert
them.
 European rulers hoped that by doing this they could
overcome other powerful religions at the time.
Spread of Disease
 Without knowing it, the
European explorers and
colonists carried diseases
with them, including
small pox, malaria, and
measles.
 These diseases killed tens
of thousands of people in
the Americas.
Slavery
 European exploration also
lead to an expanding slave
trade.
 The Portuguese purchased
West Coast African people to
work as slaves back in
Portugal, where the work
force had been reduced by
plague.
 In Mexico and South America,
Europeans forced conquered
peoples to work the land
where they lived.
Richard III
 King of England from 1452 – 22 August 1485
 Died at the Battle of Bosworth Field.
 His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of
theWars of the Roses, symbolizes the end of the Middle Ages
in England.
 He is the subject of the play Richard III byWilliam
Shakespeare.
 Scientists use DNA to identify remains
 http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/03/world/europe/richard-
iii-search-announcement/
King Henry VIII
 Born June 28th, 1491-
Died January 28th, 1547
 King of England- April
21st, 1509 until his death
 Know for: Separation of
the Church of England
from the Roman
Catholic Church
King Henry VIII cont.
 Six marriages: Catherine, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,
Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr
 King Henry VIII desperately wanted an heir to the
throne.
 Roman Catholic Church did not allow annulment only
based on King Henry’s wishes for an heir.