Transcript The Protestant Reformation Through Maps

Sixteenth-century Europe
Religious
Transformation
Political
Transformation
Economic
Transformation
Intellectual
Transformation
Europe 1350-1600
•
European economy became more commercial
•
Stronger governments began to appear and feudal
controls weakened
•
Culture began to shift away from traditional
religious values
Economic Transformation
Social Transformation
Plato
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Raphael
Raphael: 1483-1520
“The School of Athens”
Michaelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519
“The Last Supper” 1498
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519
“Mona Lisa”
Effects?
The Age of Reason?
The
Spread of
the
Printing
Press:
Johann
Gutenberg
1468
Religious Transformation
Chapter 15 Section 3
The Protestant Reformation
Causes of the Reformation?
§ Church corruption
§ Nationalism (pride in one’s nation)
§ Papal need for money = unfair taxes and
indulgences (pardons issued by priest to reduce time in purgatory)
§ Printing Press + Vernacular + 95 Theses = Reform
John Wycliffe (English) and Jan Hus (Bohemia)?
St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
The doctrine of indulgences
rested on 3 principles:
1. God is merciful, but he is also just.
2. Christ and the saints, through their infinite
virtue, established a “treasury of merits” on
which the church, through its special relationship
with Christ and the saints, can draw.
3. The church has the authority to grant sinners
the spiritual benefits of those merits.
Purgatory?
"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
An indulgence, 1517, Translation: With the Authority of all
Saints and with mercy for you, I free you of all sins and crimes
and excuse you from all punishments for ten days - Johann
Tetzel
The Spread of Lutheranism
Martin Luther
1483-1546
“Justification By
Faith Alone”
Salvation Through Grace
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
(nailed to the door of a Wittenberg Church)
On Guilt and Sin…
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to
them, nothing should be imposed on the dying.
9. Therefore the Holy Spirit in the pope is kind to us, because in his decrees he
always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.
10. Ignorant and wicked are the doings of those priests who, in the case of the
dying, reserve canonical penances for purgatory.
13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties; they are already dead to
canonical rules, and have a right to be released from them. (criticizing power
of pope)
20. Therefore by "full remission of all penalties" the pope means not actually
"of all," but only of those imposed by himself. (indulgences have no power to
remit sin)
21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the
pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved;
82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty
purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire
need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an
infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable
money with which to build a Church? The former
reasons would be most just; the latter is most
trivial.“
86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth
is to-day greater than the riches of the richest, build
just this one church of St. Peter with his own
money, rather than with the money of poor
believers?"
Luther’s Message:
1.God’s grace can not be won by good works.
2.Faith alone was needed
3.Only head of Catholic Church was Jesus, not the pope
4.Individual Christians should be their own Bible interpreters
5.Christian practices should come only from the Bible
Reaction of the CHURCH?
1. Martin Luther is excommunicated
By Pope Leo X
2. Summoned to Diet of Worms 1521 by
HR Emperor Charles V (Edict of Worms condemns Luther)
“Unless I am convicted (convinced) of error
by the testimony of Scripture…I cannot
and will not recant anything, for to act
against our conscience is neither safe for us,
nor open to us.” Luther’s Idea’s continued to spread
Protestants?
Ulrich Zwingli? = theocracy (too radical/died in battle)
John Calvin? = doctrine of predestination
John Calvin’s World in the 16c
Doctrine of Predestination=
God knows who will be saved
even before you are born
(man was evil so needed strict
discipline)
(goal was to make world fit for
the “elect”)
Describe the ideas of
Martin Luther and how
they contradicted the
church’s teachings of his
day.
How did the ideas of
reformers who came after
Luther
differ from those of
Luther?
Protestantism Spreads to
England
(page 453)
5x
7
3e
D
3c
i
Du
e
i t
d
v e
od
rQueen Elizabeth I
1558-1603
c
e
Religious
Conflict
d
King Henry VIII:
• Catherine of Aragon (daughter = Mary)
• Needed a male heir AND fell in love with Anne
Boleyn
• Wanted an annulment/ pope said NO
• (Catherine’s nephew = HR Emperor Charles V)
• Henry summoned Reformation Parliament
• Closes Catholic monasteries/ distributes wealth
• 1534 Act of Supremacy = Henry becomes head
of the Church of England
King Henry VIII
1491-1547
• Married Anne Boleyn (daughter = Elizabeth)
Edward VI (son of Henry VIII and
Jane Seymour) assumes the
throne at age 9 when Henry VIII
dies- he himself dies at 16
Mary I (daughter of Catherine
and Henry VIII)
Returned England to the
authority of the Pope – burned
Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn) assumes the
throne upon death of “Bloody”
Mary I (“phantom pregnancies
of Mary I)
1559 Supremacy Act = England again splits
from Rome
Homework questions from c 15 sec 3?
What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400s?
How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
How did Protestantism spread to other areas?
What were the effects of the Reformation in England?
Religious Transformation
Chapter 15 Section 4
The Counter- Reformation
Catholics at all levels
recognized the need for
reform in the church.
Their work turned back
the tide of
Protestantism in some
areas and renewed the
zeal of Catholics
everywhere
Monk Girolamo Savonarola
“Bonfire of the Vanities”
St. Ignatius of Loyola
(The Jesuits)
Goals:
• Obedience to Church
• Renewal of Church’s spirituality
• Concentrated on education
Accomplishments:
• Schools and Universities
• Missionary activity
• Knowledge of other cultures
Pope Paul
III
REFORMS?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Delegates addressed abuses
Reforms addressed corruption of the clergy
Training of priests were regulated/ schools established
Financial abuses checked
Publish Bible in vernacular
SALE OF INDULGENCES ABOLISHED
Individual
faith
Mary Ward:
The first sister of feminism
She threw off her habit and put women
on the stage
St Teresa of Avila:
Most famous female
spiritual leader
Followed own strict rules
Deep spirituality
The Great Witch Hunt
Germany =3,229 witches killed (burned)
Swiss Confederation = 5,417 witches killed (burned)
Estimated 60,000 killed in total , 95% of them women
Reasons?? Explain misfortune, misogyny, eliminating nonconformists, rising role of women
The Spanish Inquisition 1478-1576…
Muslim?
Jew?
Protestant?
~ 2000
killed
What methods did the Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?
Find your textbook and your work groups:
Read the section: Religious and Social Effects page 458
Take notes on the three bold sections:
Changes in Religion
Persecution and Hysteria
Political Effects
3 bulleted pieces of information should be enough per topic
Prepare to share
RELIGIOUS WARS
1494: King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy
Spain and England also became involved
Finally = SACK of Rome by HRE Charles V in 1527
WHY?
Consequences:
• Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe
• Peasants unhappy with high taxes = Peasant’s War
• Luther’s refusal to side with peasants prevented
Religious wars from starting social reform/ equality
HRE Charles V wants to reverse rise of Protestantism
1546 started a war against the German princes
Enthusiasm died = Peace of Augsburg 1555
German princes can chose their own religion
(Catholicism or Lutheranism)
Subject people had no voice….
Edict of Nantes 1598??
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
95 Theses
John Calvin
Predestination
Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy
Annulment
Council of Trent
Jesuits
Purgatory
John Gutenberg
Ulrich Zwingli
Ignatius of Loyola
Elizabeth I
Counter-Reformation
Indulgences
St. Peter’s Basilica
Mary Ward/ Teresa of Avila
Spanish Inquisition
HRE Charles V
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Edict of Nantes 1598