Transcript uploads/4/8/0/6/48063503 - Mr. Davis

Chapter 3
THE AGE OF REFORMATION
Pre-Reformation developments
 Challenges to the Medieval church
 The Avignon Popes and the Great Schism
 Secular papacy and worldliness in church-simony and
nepotism
 Lay movements that protested clerical holders of benefices
and preached new theology
 Albigensians, Waldensians, Lollards, Hussites
Martin Luther-Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
nation (1520)-summary of economic grievances
Indulgences
 Remission of the temporal penalty imposed on
penitents as a “work of satisfaction” for temporal
sins
 Priest would hear confession-absolve the
penitent of guilt of sin, and then give them a
“work of satisfaction”-prayer, fasting, etc
 Person who did not do this would suffer in
purgatory for a time
 Pope Clement VI-RC church had a treasury of
merit that could be dispensed by Pope-Sale of
Letters of Indulgences
Indulgences cont
 1517-Pope Leo X-declared a plenary Jubilee
indulgence to rebuild St. Peter’s basilica
 Practice had expanded to selling indulgences
to permit sale of indulgences for oneself and
for dead loved ones
 1519-Johann Tetzl, priest, commissioned to
go sell indulgences in the borders of Saxony
Martin Luther 1483-1546
Luther
 Father miner, wanted him to be a lawyer
 1505-Conversion experience-walking home in
thunderstorm –lightning flashing
 “St. Anne help me, I will become a monk”
Luther the priest and monk
 1507-ordained priest
 1510-Journeyed to Rome
 1511-entered Augustinian monastery
 1512-earned doctorate in theology
 Spiritual crisis of Luther-”The righteousness
of God,” and his own personal sinfulness”
Luther’s Tower experience
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Studying theology at the U. of Wittenberg
Studying book of Psalms and Romans
“justification by faith alone”-Sola fide
“the just shall live by faith”
Humans not granted salvation by good works or
by religious ceremonies
 Humans granted salvation by faith in Christ
alone received from the grace(gift) of God
 Good works the fruit of salvation, not the root of
salvation
1517-Luther posts 95 Theses
in Wittenberg
95 Theses
 Condemnation of sale of indulgences
 Circulated by northern humanists by printing
press
 Election of Charles 1 of Spain as the new Holy
Roman emperor-elected by 7 Imperial
electors
 Frederick the Wise-one of the lectors and
Luther’s protectors
The Leipzig debate with
Professor John Eck
 Challenges the infallibility of the Pope
 Justification by faith alone-sola fide
 Sovereign authority of the scripture alone-
”sola scriptura” against the Papal claims
1520-3 famous Pamphlets
 The Address to the Christian nobility of the
German Nation
 The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
 The Freedom of the Christian
1520-Leo’s Papal bullExsurge Domine-ML a heretic
April 1521-Diet of Worms
 Meeting of the HRE-headed by Emperor
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Charles V
Luther order to recant, refuses
“Here I stand” speech
Declared an outlaw to secular authorities
Protected by German princes and elector
Frederick at Wartburg castle
Here I Stand
Lutheranism
 Doctrine of “sola fide” and “sola scriptura”
 Practice of 2 sacraments-Holy Baptism and
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Holy Communion (Eucharist)
Doctrine of real presence of Christ in
Eucharist-”in, with, and under the bread”
Priesthood of all believers
Clergy allowed to marry
NT in German
Against worship of saints, relics, indulgences
Propaganda-16th century style
Pope and his friends as
dogs, goats, pigs and demons
ML as 7 headed beast
Papal indulgence hawkers in
the Jaws of hell
Luther as saint and as
devils bagpipe
Saint
Sinner
Imperial distractions
 Imperial Wars with France
 Advance of the ottoman Turks into Eastern
Europe
 Charles V-King of Spain and HRE, needed
German troops loyal to German princes
 Magistrates and Princes of German cities
adopt Lutheran reforms
The Peasants Revolt
The Peasant’s Revolt
 Peasants saw Lutheranism as something that
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would support political and economic rights
Peasants revolt against landlords-1524-1525
Luther condemns them as “Un-Christian”
Thousands of peasants killed in suppression
of revolt
Lutherans not revolutionary in social sense
The Swiss Reformation
 Switzerland loose confederation of 13
autonomous cantons or states
 Growth of Swiss nationalism opposing
mercenary service
 Desire for church reform
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Ulrich Zwingli
 Friend and student of Erasmus
 Critic of Swiss mercenary service
 Opposed indulgences , doctrine of purgatory,
invocation of saints and religious
superstitions not rooted in Scripture
 Fathered child with barber’s daughter
 Became people’s priest in Zurich
Zwingli
 1522-Broke the Lenten fast
 Whatever lacked literal support in scripture was
condemned
 Raised questions about a host of practices in RC
church
 Marburg Colloquy-(1529) Meeting between
Zwingli and Luther-went badly
 Debate over meaning of Eucharist-”spiritual” or
“real” presence of Christ in Eucharist
 Result-2 different Protestant confessions
Swiss Civil Wars
 Cantons split-some Protestant and some
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catholic
2 major battles-one in 1529 and one in 1531
Zwingli wounded and then executed in 2nd
battle
Treaty allowed each canton to determine its
own religion
Zwingli’s followers eventually merged with
Calvinism
The Murder of Zwingli
Anabaptism
 16th Century ancestors of Mennonites and
Amish
 Rejected infant baptism and practiced
believers baptism for converted adults
 Preached a more radical interpretation of the
faith-thought Luther and Zwingli only went
half-way
 Refused to swear oaths, participate in secular
offices, and serve in military-pacifists
Anabaptist Reign in Munster
 Rebaptism becomes a capital offence
 1534-1535-Anabapitis come to power, try to
create a new Zion-OT theocracy
 Lutherans and Catholics forced to convert or
leave-radical practices of polygamy
 City besieged by Lutheran and Catholic
armies
 Anabaptist leaders burned at the stake and
boned hanged in cages for all to see
Munster
Menno Simons (1496-1561)
 Founder of the Mennonites
 Pacifist separatist Anabaptists
The Amish
 Split within Swiss Anabaptists
 Followers of Jacob Ammann
 Related to but distinct with the Mennonites
 45000 live in Indiana
Amish in Indiana
The Amish
 Practice separation-not connected to electrical
grid, television, radio, computers
 Ordnung-set of rules passed down from
generation from generation
 Rumspringen
 Practice of shunning
 Speak Pennsylvania Dutch and dialect of Swiss
German in Indiana communities
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWR7_PkyJ2
M
Welcome to Elkhart, Indiana
Amish in Indiana
Amish humor
The Spiritualists
 Disdain for external, institutional religion
 Believed in the direct communion of the Holy
Spirit in the hearts of believers
 Caspar Schwenckfeld-Schwenckfeldian
church
 1734vCame to Pennsylvania
Jean (John) Calvin
John Calvin
 Born to well to do French family
 Educated lawyer who embraced reform in the
church
 Institutes of the Christian Faith -Definitive
theological statement of the Protestant Faith
Calvinism-theology
 The Sovereignty of God-God I supreme over all
creation, knows all things and has all power
 Total depravity-All have sinned all fall short of the
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glory of God
Unconditional Election-God predestined some to be
saved and some to be damned-It is God’s choice
Limited Atonement—Jesus dies for the Elect
Irresistible Grace-The elect cannot resist the grace of
God
Perseverance of the Saints-once saved, always saved
Doctrine of predestination
 Doctrine for mature Christians
 Doctrine of assurance
 God is in control of all things from the
beginning to the end
 The elect would have good works and
conform their will to the will of God if they
were truly part of the elect
Geneva and Calvin’s church
 Late 1520’s-Geneva revolts against prince-
bishop
 1536-Geneva votes to adopt Reformation
practices
 1536-Calvin draws up articles of governance
and new catechism
 1540-Geneva implements new ecclesiastical
ordinances
Geneva cont
 1. Pastors
 2. Teachers and doctors of the faith
 3. Elders-12 laypeople who oversaw the faith
and life of the church to maintain discipline
 4. Deacons to dispense good works
 Goal: Create the city of God on earth-transform
society both spiritually and morally
1555-Geneva home to thousands of exiled
Calvinists
Consistory
 12 elders and pastors that served as church
court to inspect people’s lives and enforce
discipline
Calvinism
 Puritans-England
 Presbyterians-Scotland
 Hugenots-France
 Doctrine of Predestination and the Elect
 “4 walls and a sermon”
 Emphasis on Sabbath observance
 Importance of catechism
Westminster Catechism
 WESTMINSTER LARGER CATECHISM
 Q. 1. What is the chief and highest end of
man?
A. Man's chief and highest end is to glorify
God,[a] and fully to enjoy him forever.[b]
Antitrinitarians
 Commonsense, rational, and ethical religion
 Religious toleration and freedom of
conscience
 Leader was Spaniard Michael Servetus-
executed in Geneva by John Calvin for
blasphemy
 Strong opponents of Calvinism
 Forerunners of Unitarianism
Political Consolidation
 1530-Diet of Augsburg-Charles V orders all
Lutherans convert back to Catholicsm
 1530-Lutherans adopt Augsburg Confessionstatement of Lutheran belief
 1531-Formation of the Schmalkaldic LeagueLutheran defensive alliance
 1540’s-Charles V sends Imperial armies to
crush Protestants
The Map of European
religions
Peace of Augsburg-1555
 Made the division permanent
 “Curius regio, eius religio” The ruler of the
land would determine its religion
 Recognized in fact what was already in
practice
 Did not extend religious recognition to
Calvinism and Anabaptism
The King’s Great Matter
The English ReformationPreconditions
 Lollardy-anti-catholic reform movement in
the mid-14th Century-followers of john
Wycliffe
 William Tyndale-translated NT into English
1524-25
 Widespread humanism and anti-clerical
sentiment
Henry VIII
 Marriage to Catherine of Aragon
 Father to one daughter Mary-many miscarriages
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and stillbirths, also lost some of her youthful
beauty
God’s Punishment?? Catherine was the wife of
Henry’s older brother Arthur
Forbidden by canon and biblical law
Leviticus 18:16: “If a man shall take his brother’s
wife, it is an unclean thing, they shall be
childless.”
Special dispensation from Pope Julius 2
1527-The Kings has an Affair
 Anne Boleyn-Catherine’s lady in waiting
 Henry demands a papal annulment so he can
put away Catherine and marry Ann Boleyn
 1527-Imperial soldiers capture Rome, Pope
Clement a virtual prisoner of Charles V
Cardinal Wolsey
 Powerful cardinal who was Henry’s Lord
Chancellor was put in charge of securing the
divorce-failure
 Dismissed in disgrace in 1529
Thomas Cromwell
 Lutheran sympathizer who became King’s
chancellor
 No way to papal annulment
 Declare Henry head of the English church
The Reformation Parliament
 1533-Henry weds Anne Bolelyn, secretly
pregnant
 1533-Acts on Restraints of Appeals-no
appeals to the Pope, marriage made null and
void
 1534-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII the head of
the Church of England , not the Pope
 1534-Act of Succession-Anne Boleyn’s
children only legitimate heir to the throne
The Marriage
Acts of Restraints of
Appeals
Opposition
 Sir Thomas More refuses to recognize Acts of
Parliament
 Executed by Henry VII
 1536 and 1538-Parliament dissolves
England’s Monasteries and nunneries
 Henry seizes church lands and property
The King’s Religious
convictions
 Henry conservative on religious matters
 On the 7 Sacraments-he had been named
Defender of the Faith
 6 articles of 1539
 Reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the
cup to laity, declared celibacy mandatory,
invocation of saints
Henry’s successors
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Henry dies in 1553
Edward VI only 10 years old
Full scale Protestant reformation enacted
1549-Act of Uniformity imposes Thomas
Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer
 42 Article of Faith by Thomas Cranmer
 1553-1558-Mary 1-restored Catholic doctrine
and practice
 1558-1603-Elizabeth 1-Anglican settlement
Thomas Cranmer
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"WE do not preſume to come to this thy table (o mercifull lord) truſting
in our owne righteouſnes, but in thy manifold & great mercies: we be not
woorthie ſo much as to gather up the cromes under thy table: but thou
art the ſame lorde whoſe propertie is alwayes to have mercie: Graunt us
therefore (gracious lorde) ſo to eate the fleſhe of thy dere ſonne Jeſus
Chriſt, and to drynke his bloud in theſe holy Miſteries, that we may
continuallye dwell in hym, and he in us, that our ſynfull bodyes may bee
made cleane by his body, and our ſoules waſhed through hys moſt
precious bloud. Amen.
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""WE do not presume to come to this thy Table (O merciful Lord) trusting in
our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We be not
worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art
the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us
therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the Flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ,
and to drink his Blood, in these holy Mysteries, that we may continually
dwell in him, and he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his
Body, and our souls washed through his most precious Blood. Amen."
The Catholic Counter
Reformation-internal reform
 Founding of new religious orders
 Spanish mysticism
 Saint Teresa of Avila
 Saint John of the Cross
Mysticism-St Theresa
 I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at
the point there seemed to be a little fire. He
appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into
my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when
he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out
also, and to leave me all on fire with a great
love of God. The pain was so great, that it
made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the
sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could
not wish to be rid of it...
The Jesuits
 Ignatius of Loyola-Society of Jesus
 The Jesuits-soldiers of Christ
 Spiritual Exercises-Devotional guide that
encouraged religious and moral self-discipline
 Encouraged absolute devotion to the Church
St. Francis Xavier
Father Jacques Marquette
The Council of Trent 15451563
 Reassertion of church doctrine
 Ended worse abuses of selling church offices
and church goods
 Better training of priests-set up seminaries
 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrines
 Set up Index and Inquisition
Magisterial reformers
 Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist reformers
 Worked within framework of reigning
political powers
 Wanted reform within reigning laws and
institutions
 Some see them as essentially conservative
forces and accepting of sociopolitical status
quo
Education
 Implementation of education reforms of
humanism in new Protestant schools and
universities
 Studia humanitatis-study of the humanities
Relief of the Poor
 Pre-reformation-charity of each individual
Christian
 Rise of prot reformation-poor houses and
collections for the poor
 1495-Vagabond Act of 1495
 Poor laws passed in 1600s
 Deserving and Undeserving poor
 “The Worthy Poor”
Role of Women
 Favored clerical marriage and opposed
monasticism (convents and nunneries)
 Opposed medieval depiction of women as
temptresses (Eve) and exalted as virgin (Mary)
 Women praised as wives and mothers
 Sacredness of home and family-The Holy
Household
 Idea of companionate marriage
 Women gained right to divorce and remarry
Marriage
 Marriage at later ages-men in their mid to
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late 20’s, women in their early to mid 20’s
Requirement of parental consent and public
vows
Late marriage and material problems
1 in 5 women never married-15 % unmarried
widows
Arranged marriages-parents discussed the
terms of the marriage-”love” and marriage
Marriage and family
 Nuclear family-father and mother and 2-4
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children
Average husband and wife had 6-7 children
1/3 died by age 5, ½ by teens
Child death and families
Artificial birth control-opposed by church
Support of hired wet nurses-opposed by
Church
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
 Wrote in deeply Catholic Spain
 Aggressive piety of Catholic rulers
 Preoccupation with honor and loyalty
 1603- Don Quixote
 Story of middle aged man who has come to
believe he is a brave knight and tries to prove
it with heroic deeds
William Shakespeare
 Greatest playwright of the English language
 Wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies
 Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and
Macbeth
 Wildly popular and touched on universal
themes
 Political conservative who accepted social
rankings and power structure
Witch Persecution 1480-1700
Witches
 Outbreaks of Witch related hysteria start to
break out in early 1500’s
 1515-Geneva, Switzerland-burn 500 suspected
witches at the stake
 1524-1000 executions in Como, Italy
 1571-Witch hysteria sweeps through Frannce
 1500-1660-Between 50,000 and 80,000 executed
as witches
 26000 dead in Germany
Cunning Folk
 Folk healers who used folk medicine or folk
remedies-”white magic”
Maleficium
 Latin term for wrongdoing or mischief to
people or property
Diabolism
 Devil-worship
The Malleus Maleficarum
 The Hammer of Witches
 Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger
 Professional manual for witch hunters
Malleus Maleficarum
 Answers skeptics who don’t believe in
witches
 Singles out women as the source of evil,
especially midwives
 Lays out procedures for trials and executions
Misogyny and the Hammer
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But because in these times this perfidy is more often found in women than in
men, as we learn by actual experience, if anyone is curious as to the reason, we
may add to what has already been said the following: that since they are feebler
both in mind and body, it is not surprising that they should come more under the
spell of witchcraft . . .
But the natural reason is that she is more carnal than a man, as is clear from her
many carnal abominations. And it should be noted that there was a defect in the
formation of the first woman, since she was formed from a bent rib, that is, a rib
of the breast, which is bent as it were in a contrary direction to a man. And since
through this defect she is an imperfect animal, she always deceives . . .
And indeed, just as through the first defect in their intelligence that are more
prone to abjure the faith; so through their second defect of inordinate affections
and passions they search for, brood over, and inflict various vengeances, either
by witchcraft, or by some other means. Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a
number of witches exist in this sex . . .
To conclude. All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable.
What witches do!
 The Malleus Maleficarum, describes how witches
were known to "collect male organs in great
numbers, as many as twenty or thirty members
together, and put them in a bird's nest..." The
manual recounts a story of a man who, having
lost his penis, went to a witch to have it restored:
 She told the afflicted man to climb a certain tree,
and that he might take which he liked out of a nest
in which there were several members. And when
he tried to take a big one, the witch said: You must
not take that one; adding, because it belonged to a
parish priest.