Transcript Renaissance (Rebirth) 1450 – 1600

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The Renaissance is considered to have started
in Florence, Italy around the years 1350 to
1400. The start of the Renaissance also was
the end of the Middle Ages.
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The people in Florence, Italy began to think
differently about life.
They studied the writings and works of the
Greeks and the Romans and realized that
earlier civilizations had lived differently.
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
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This new way of thinking was called Humanism.
Now people thought that life could be
enjoyable and they could have comforts.
They started to think that people should be
educated and that things like art, music, and
science could make life better for everyone.
This was a real change in the way people
thought.
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To understand the beginnings of the
Renaissance, you must go back to the fall of the
Roman Empire.
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For 1 000 years before Rome fell, it ruled most
of Europe, bringing advancements in technology,
learning and government.
Once Rome fell to invaders in 542AD, Western
Europe fell into a period known as the Middle
Ages.
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Society regressed (returned to
a less developed state); People
did not venture far from their
small villages.
Local lords ruled by force and
intimidation.
Learning took place only in
religious houses.
Europeans grew up ignorant,
illiterate, and superstitious.
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They lived in miserable conditions and had little hope
of improving their lives.
Their main goal in life was finding eternal salvation.
Life on Earth was a journey to suffer through, in
order to reach Heaven.
New ideas and beliefs about life and its purpose
began to spread.
 Humanism was based on the belief that we all
had a purpose on Earth.
 It wasn`t just a miserable pit-stop on the way
to Heaven.
 They believed that life should be enjoyed.
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They believed that our accomplishments were
important and defined who we were.
Artists, princes, writers, priests, and
merchants supported this movement.
At the start of the Renaissance, Italy was
divided up into a number of powerful citystates (areas of land that were ruled by a
large city).
 Each city-state had its own government.
 Florence was a city-state.
 The government that ran Florence was a
republic (the citizens elected their own
leaders).
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In the late 1300s, Florence had become a rich
city.
 Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the
money to hire artisans and craftspeople.
 This inspired competitions among artists and
thinkers.
 Art began to flourish and new thoughts began
to emerge.
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1434 - The Medici family becomes the head
of the city-state of Florence.
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They were powerful in Florence.
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They were wealthy bankers and helped the
arts along by sponsoring many artists and
using their personal funds to further the
humanist movement.
New techniques in art created astounding works of
art.
 A technique known as Perspective made scenes
appear three dimensional.
 Careful shading make objects look round and real,
rather than flat.
 Using human models helped artists portray the
human body far more accurately than in Medieval
art.
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Renaissance art glorified the human body.
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It placed importance of the individual and were secular
(non-religious).
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The works of the four great masters, Leonardo da
Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello set the
standard for Renaissance art.
The Mona Lisa portrays a simple woman, wearing a
simple smile.
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Artists turned to the classics of Ancient Greece
and Rome for inspirations.
Giambologna: Hercules Beating
the Centaur Nessus, 1599
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Early Medieval art was Romanesque style.
Romanesque paintings have unrealistic features
and showed no emotion.
By 1100 AD, Medieval art had become Gothic.
Gothic architecture can be recognized by the
pointed arches on buildings.
Gothic art shows more concern for realism and
emotion.
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Gothic Architecture became popular in the
late Medieval Period. It was most commonly
used for cathedrals and churches in Europe.
Westminster Abbey is a large, Gothic church.
It is the traditional place of coronation and
burial site for English monarchs.
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Scolars began to spread scientific knowledge
throughout Europe despite the Church’s opposition
to it (against it).
Humanists were interested in History, Philosophy,
Art and Literature.
They were inspired by the art and architecture
from Ancient Greece and Rome (Classical
Antiquity)
Humanists began sending their children to schools
that taught humanist philosophy.
 These students were taught poetry, history, and
public speaking.
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Plato
Aristotle
Before the Humanist movement, the Church
controlled all aspects of our lives.
 The Renaissance was a period when Europeans
began to question the Church‘s practises.
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Humanists believed that people were able to
reason well on their own.
They believed that the Church should not control
or brainwash us.
We should be given the right to have individual
freedom of thought.
Galileo and Freedom of Thought
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
They believed that God should not be our central
concern.
 They preached for tolerance and peace instead of
also engaging in religious wars.
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Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
 It revolutionized (drastically changed) European
society.
 Books were now affordable.
 Learning and new ideas spread throughout Europe.
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Church taught that the Earth was flat and that it
was at the center of the universe!
Any other ideas that conflicted with the Church’s
teachings were automatically rejected &
forbidden.
Scientists learned about human anatomy by
dissecting corpses (illegal, forbidden by the
Church).
 This lead to progress in medicine.
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Martin Luther started a movement to reform the
Catholic Church.
He believed the church had become too rich,
powerful and corrupt!
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When the Church started selling indulgences Luther
became enraged.
In Catholic doctrine, indulgences are remissions* of
punishment for sins. In order to receive an indulgence,
the sinner must first confess and be granted
absolution*, and then he or she must perform some
sort of act to receive the indulgence.
*The cancellation of a debt, charge, or penalty
*Formal release from guilt, obligation, or punishment
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In the medieval period, indulgences were severely
abused by the Church.
This “note” given to any “sinner” who gave money
to the Church in exchange for forgiveness and
eternal salvation.
The Church used this money to pay for large
building projects (i.e. St. Peter's Basilica).
Martin Luther used the selling of indulgences as an
example to argue that the Church was clearly
deeply corrupt and in need of a return to early
Christian values.
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In 1517, Martin Luther nailed
the 95 theses (criticisms) onto
the wooden doors of a church.
He basically informs the Pope
that he is aware of the
corruption.
1.
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The Catholic Church believes that we only
get into heaven by faith plus good works.
What this meant was that you had to help
the poor, help your neighbor in need,
encourage others, volunteer etc.
Luther pointed out that good works was
unnecessary and that the Bible teaches us
that we go to heaven strictly by faith in
Christ.
2.
The Bible is the living true authority of God, not the
Pope.
3.
People can read and interpret the bible for
themselves.
4.
Indulgences were useless, fraudulent, and
unnecessary.
5. God created all people equally.
6. Worshiping God should be done through praise and
singing.
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Martin Luther was excommunicated by the Pope in
1520 after he publicly burned the Papal Decree
(letters issued by the Pope).
In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put him on
trial and condemned him as a heretic and an outlaw
of the church.
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They didn't execute him
because that would've
made him a martyr.
Frederick the Wise, of
Saxony made a deal with
the Catholic Church
resulting in Martin
Luther's safe passage to
his home at Wartburg
Castle.
While in exile, he rewrote
the bible in German.
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In 1545, Pope Paul III assembled a council
(meeting with important Church officials) in the
city of Trent to discuss how to deal with the
Reformation.
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The Council of Trent was part of the CounterReformation.
Pope Paul III saw that the Protestant Reformation
was getting bigger.
Before, a small number of priests were part of the
reformation, but soon many princes, particularly in
Germany, supported its ideas.
Therefore Pope Paul III desired a council.
It met right before Martin Luther’s death.
Objectives were:
 To stop the ideas and practice of
Protestantism and to support the Catholic
Church's ideas.
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To change the parts of the church and actions
of church leaders that damaged or hurt the
Catholic Church's ideas and image.
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Priests had to be supervised and educated
in colleges.
Southwark
Cathedral in
London
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The relationship of faith and works in salvation
was defined, following disagreements over Luther’s
doctrine of “justification by faith alone”
Catholic practices such as Indulgences,
pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and
the veneration* of the Virgin Mary were strongly
reaffirmed.
*A feeling of profound respect for someone or
something
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Created new religious orders like the Jesuits.
Jesuits were educated priests that taught and
spread the Roman Catholic faith throughout the
world.
Published an Official Latin Bible.
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church's interpretation of the Bible was final.
Any Christian who did not agree with the
interpretation was a heretic.
Heretics
inquisition.
would be prosecuted in courts called the
Protestants
Enemies
were considered heretics.
of the Church were put on trial and
sentenced to death.
In 1567 St. Pius V canceled all grants of
indulgences involving any fees or other financial
transactions.
 The church made a list of banned books.
 These “BAD” books were listed in THE INDEX.
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Enthusiasm was revived for the Roman Catholic
Church.
 The highly-educated Jesuits challenged
Protestant preachers.
 The Protestant movement was weakened.
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http://www.ducksters.com/biography/leonardo_da_vinci.php
Occupation: King of England
 Born: June 28, 1491 in Greenwich,
England
 Died: January 28, 1547 in London,
England
 Reign: 1509-1547
 Best known for: Marrying six
times and splitting the Church of
England from the Catholic Church
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A Renaissance Man
Henry VIII is often described as a true Renaissance Man.
He was athletic, good looking, intelligent, and educated.
He was also an accomplished musician and both played
instruments and wrote his own songs. He spoke many
languages fluently and loved to read and study. Henry
loved art and culture bringing many of the top artists,
writers, and philosophers from mainland Europe to his
court.
Catherine of Aragon
Since Catherine had been married to Henry's brother, he
needed special permission to marry her from the pope
called a "dispensation". This was because the Bible said
that a man should not marry his brother's wife.
Although Catherine became pregnant several times, she only
had one healthy baby, the princess Mary. Henry became
worried that he would never have a male heir to the
throne. He asked the pope to annul the marriage based on
the fact that they were never legitimately married.
However, the pope refused.
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Anne Boleyn
At the same time Henry was becoming increasingly
frustrated with Catherine for not producing a male heir,
he fell madly in love with one of her ladies in waiting,
Anne Boleyn. Henry was determined to marry her and did so
in secret in 1533.
English Reformation
In 1534, Henry decided to split from the Catholic Church.
He declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of
England. He even passed a law called the Treasons Act that
made it punishable by death to those who didn't accept
Henry as the head of the church. He also annulled his
marriage to Catherine.
More Wives
Henry was determined to have a male heir. When Anne Boleyn
did not have a son, he had her executed. Then he married
Jane Seymour. Jane finally gave Henry what he wanted and
had a son named Edward. However, Jane died during
childbirth.