Transcript Martin Luther (1483

Martin Luther (1483-1546)
For in the righteousness of God is revealed
through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one
who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 )
AP European
Protestant Reformation
Childhood & Youth
born Nov. 10, 1483 – Martin Luder
son of copper miner
attends a Latin school (medieval), 1497
attends Brotherhood of Common Life
boarding school in Magdeburg, 1498 moves
to Eisenach and attends parish school
1501 – University of Erfurt – liberal arts
Baccalaureate in 1502
Master’s degree in 1505
begins studying LAW
Conversion
July 2, 1505 near
Sotterheim, nearly struck
by lightening
cried out to Saint Anne
shocked family and friends
1505 enters Black
Monastery (Augustinian)
in Erfurt
Priest & Professor
ordained in 1507
studies Theology at Erfurt
Ad fontes! Back to the source!
reading Bible in Hebrew & Greek
1512 Doctorate in Theology
Professorship at Wittenberg (15141518)
Psalms, Letters to the Romans, Galatians &
Hebrews
Indulgences
as of 1514 Priest at
Wittenburg’s City
Church
enraged over sale of
indulgences and
manner in which
Tetzel sold them
Luther preaches
against the sale of
indulgences
95 Theses
Oct 13, 1517, 95 Theses, Castle
Church
“rebel in the ranks”, a few
bishops actually agreed with
Luther
1518 – Inquisition began in Rome
June 15, 1520 – Papal Bull (Pope
Leo X) of excommunication,
Luther must recant or leave the
Church
Burning the Papal Bull
Luther protests: burns Bull
and book of church law
Jan. 3, 1521 – Luther is
excommunicated
Emperor Charles V offers
safe passage to Diet of
Worms
Read 95 Theses excerpts
Diet of Worms,
April 1521
Excommunication
will be rescinded if
Luther recants
position
Edict of Worms:
Outlaw & Death
Sentence
View Martin Luther, 2003: scene
10
Luther’s protector
Elector Friedrich the
Wise of Saxon
View Martin Luther, 2003: scene
13
The Wartburg
The Wartburg
1521 Luther goes
to Wartburg
in 11 weeks he translates the New
Testament, “September Testament”
published in 1522
standardizes the German language
visitations from the devil!?
Luther and the Devil
Luther returns
March 1521 returns to Wittenburg
attempts to bring the Reformation
movement back to a more moderate line
begins seriously writing to spread his
beliefs
1522-1524 preaching becomes his main
priority
Luther’s Church
Justification by Faith, Salvation by Grace
2 Sacraments: Baptism & Communion
community money box
social & educational responsibilities taken
over by church
need for well-educated pastors, teachers, & civil
servants
authorities obligated to provide a good
education for the youth
Peasants War
1525 peasants led by Thomas Münzer
(priest/former follower) demand more
just economical conditions
Luther encourages spiritual freedom
from despots, not economic or political
freedom
Peasants are violently put down on May
15, 1525
View Martin Luther, 2003: scene
16 / Discuss pp. 326
Luther marries
June 13, 1525 Luther
marries Katharina von Bora
big happy family
6 children, 1 of Katharina’s
relatives, 6 of Luther’s sister’s
children, student boarders
See Swiss and Zwingli PPT
Diet of Speyer, 1526
“Protestants” = followers of Luther who
gathered at Diet of Speyers to “protest”
the policies of Charles V & Catholic
princes opposed to Luther
ius reformandi: right to reform belonged to states
not to Empire
Augsburg Confession
Diet of Augsburg, 1530
Supporters and followers of Luther present a summary
of his beliefs, which later become the doctrine of the
Lutheran Church
• Implemented in reformed states & towns by princes, prelates,
or consistories (council of ministers & lawyers)
Spread of Luther’s Ideas
Quickly spread to former anti-papal
movements
Hungary having been defeated by Turks was
now open for conversion
Merchants took his ideas to the Baltic states
& Scandinavia
Schmalkalkdic League formed, 1530s
King Christian III (Denmark) converts
country; Sweden (& territory of Finland),
under King Gustavus Vasa found the first
national reformed church, 1527; by 1540s
Norway has become Lutheran
Final years: 15401546
physically ill
wrote most scathing works:
Jews and their Lies (1543)
Against the Papacy at Rome Founded by the
Devil! (1545)
Feb. 18, 1546 died in Eisleben, body interred
at the Castle Church in Wittenburg
Political Revolution &
Lutheranism
social reform, not intended as political
revolution
Peasant Wars, 1524-1525: under the
leadership of Thomas Münzer are not
supported or successful
Aristocracy are successful
ius reformandi, Diet of Speyer, 1529
Treaty of Augsburg, 1555
Helpful Politicians (direct/indirect)
1520: Friedrich of Saxony
1525: Albert of Brandenburg (East Prussia)
converts
King Frances I (France), although Catholic, is
embattled with Charles V in territorial
disputes (Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544)
During 2nd H-V War (1527-1529) Pope Clement
VII sides with France and Rome is sacked! &
Charles V gains control over much of Italy
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Battle of Mohacs (1526) Ottoman Turks kill King
Louis of Hungary and take most of Hungary, move
through Austria and advance on Vienna!