Transcript Document

Hansen
Name ___________________
AP Euro
Graphic Organizer and Lecture Outline – Causes and Immediate Impacts of the Reformation
Holy Roman
Empire does not
centralize power
‘Renaissance Princes’
aka the ‘New Monarchs’
Seek to Subordinate
Rome
Reformation appeals to many HRE
princes (and later other Renaissance
Princes) for political rather than religious
reasons
But by and for
themselves…not
by or for their
subjects.
Martin Luther is able to
get away with protests
Medieval and
Early Modern
Challenges to
Church Abuses
Luther’s Ideas
Luther inspires a host of
other theologians
13
Social
Luther’s message provides a
solution to frustrated laitybible in vernacular
Renaissance and
Roman Catholicism
are incompatible in
some senses
Renaissance
Princes seek a
non-tax source of
wealth…
Exploration
provides a
source, but
HRE is left
out…
Printing
Press
Luther inspires ‘Germans’
and peasants
Lecture Notes
1. Medieval – Early Modern Criticism of the
Church•
Immorality- Indulgences/purgatory, pope’s had children, fought wars,
and sold church offices (simony)
•
Ignorance- Illiterate priests in rural areas
•
absenteeism/pluralism- holding several church offices: famous story
of a cardinal (Thomas Wolsey) seeing the inside of a church in
archdiocese for the first time in his life when he was…
•
Great Schism/Babylonian Captivity weakened the moral authority of
the church
Conciliar Movement
•
•
Italian nature irritates other ‘nationalities’ (Germans, Dutch, English,
etc.)
And pic on page
455 in the text…
Pre Reformation Religion
Nice!
1. (cont.)
• How did things get so bad in the Catholic
Church?
– only game in town… heresy is a powerful
charge… “I get to decide what the bible says
and I can kill you if you disagree.”
– absolute power corrupts _______________
2. Church and Renaissance Clash
•
The church has never been based on
reason… can they coexist?
–
laity is now better educated than the clergy in many
places
–
Think about the Erasmus piece…
3. Renaissance Princes Seek to Subordinate Rome
•
•
•
•
there had been a period of jostling among the nobility after the
Hundred Year’s War…
• ‘first among equals’ rulers
in the late 1400s and early 1500s, these rulers began to
centralize their power
• we learned about this before- ‘New Monarchs’ or
‘Renaissance Princes’
How? Machiavellian: Eliminated testy nobles,, interested in
placing churches beneath themselves, consolidate land and
power through war and marriage
Example of Habsburg genealogical tree- see visual #1
4. Renaissance Princes Wanted to Seize Power
From the Pope But Weren’t Interested in This
Drive Coming From Their Subjects
• Why not?
• Not good to start encouraging people to
question the chain
• They might start questioning…
4. (cont.)
• As a result of the king’s unwillingness to let
their people challenge Rome, pre-Luther
Church critics were silenced violently
• John Wycliffe (England)
– Pope’s power was not sanctioned in the bible
• Pope’s have based their power on the biblical passage
Matt 16:19 of Jesus saying to Peter- Peter was the Bishop
or Rome, the title that came to be called Pope. But is
Peter’s power passed on?
– According to Wycliffe- only follow the bible itself
• Jan Hus (Czech.)
– Follower of Wycliffe who believed in reforming
church corruption
–"And I also say to you that
you are Peter, and upon this
rock I will build my church,
and the gates of the
netherworld will not prevail
against it. I will give you the
keys of the kingdom of
heaven; whatever you bind
on earth will be bound in
heaven, and whatever you
loose on earth will be loosed
in heaven."
Well, what happened to Wycliffe and Hus?
– Wycliffe was clever
enough to die before the
church got around to
killing him, but the
church did have his body
exhumed and burned,
spreading the ashes as a
punishment, forbidding
him an afterlife. (see pic)
– Hus was promised
immunity by the Holy
Roman Emperor to meet
and discuss his ideas, but
he was double-crossed
and burned at the stake
5. Where do these ‘Renaissance Princes’ get
wealth?
•
Option #1 Taxes : nobles or clergy, peasants,
merchants
–
but each comes with problems
• noble and clergy problem
• peasant problem
• merchant problem
• These ways had been tried- see the Parliament, Diet, Estates
General, and Cortes , but to some degree, taxes show the
weakness of a government
– ‘oil’tocracies in the Middle East
•
•
In fact, one reason the clergy had become so corrupted
was that ‘1st Among Equals’ kings had appointed their
ministers to high church offices to get the Pope to pay
their salaries
Solution for kings who wish to rise above 1st Among
Equals status?
•
independent source of wealth… exploration…
6. Naval Exploration for $$$
• Portugal leads the way…why?
•
•
•
•
•
Angry at Italian middle man
wealth
Geographical position
Exploration of Africa in search
of an end or passage east
Spain originally is willing to
gamble on Columbus because
it is a weak power and wants to
join the big boys… it will end
up making squillions of dollars
in the new world … and add to
Charles V’s realm- …
Incan Ransom (Atahuallpa)- 1
room of gold, 2 of silver
6. (cont.)
• These kings start to believe that they don’t
need to listen to their people and in some
cases, don’t need to listen to Rome either
7. H.R.E. was left out of trade wealth
A. H.R.E. stays weak and decentralized… in the Holy Roman
Empire, the Habsburg monarchs are still first among equals…
B. But isn’t the Holy Roman Emperor the leader of one of the
largest empire on the planet at this time? Why can’t he
dominate the Germanic states?
He has a lot of other issues:
-300 semi-powerful nobles in the H.R.E.
-Turks/Ottomans in the East (emperor needs the support
of the HRE nobles to fight the Ottomans
-wars with France over control of Italian city-states and
Burgundy
(Habsburg/Valois)
-competition with Portugal in the New World
- Spanish empire given precedence
8. Martin Luther- right time, right
place
•
HRE had no powerful monarch to crush Luther
–
When Luther challenged the Pope, he was protected
by Frederick the Wise, a prince in the HRE.
•
‘German’ people were bitter about Italian bishops,
privileges, and tithing
•
Relatively weak HRE princes were too weak to ignore
their peasants
–
Charles V summoned Luther to speak in front of the
Diet of Worms, but didn’t push Frederick, since his help
was needed in the struggles against the Ottoman
Empire.
9. [First Time Through] Martin Luther
A. clergyman but also professor (why would I mention this?)
B. central belief: _____________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
-rejects non-biblical sacraments
-bible is the only source of religious truth; sola scriptura
-faith is the only way towards salvation; sola fide
9. Luther (continued)
C. He believed in a diffusion of church authority or a ‘priesthood of all
believers’. … ____________________________________________
D. “Unless I am convinced by the evidence of scripture and plain
reason… I cannot and will not recant anything…”
-Diet of Worms. In front of whom does Luther say this?
E. Why was Luther’s location in the HRE key?
End Day #1 and Do ‘Root of
Luther’s Ideas’ Debate
9. Martin Luther
A. clergyman but also professor (why would I mention this?)
B. central belief: anxious about his own salvation, thought God was
vastly above humans, desire to use the human mind to determine and
practice the true faith of Jesus
-rejects non-biblical sacraments
-bible is the only source of religious truth; sola scriptura
-faith is the only way towards salvation; sola fide
-think about the problems you run into if you don’t think this way…
to
-if good works help with salvation then man can work with the poor
get into heaven, and thus…
-…man is in the position to ‘leverage’ God
-… think about indulgences… if I trust the church to do good better
than me, can’t I give them money to do good works?
-Isn’t that salvation?
-So $ to church= salvation
- rich are more likely to get into heaven
-Anybody know the biblical passage about a rich man’s chances of
getting into heaven?
9. Luther (continued)
C. He believed in a diffusion of church authority or a ‘priesthood of all
believers’. … religious elites place man too close to… ____________
D. “Unless I am convinced by the evidence of scripture and plain
reason… I cannot and will not recant anything…”
-Diet of Worms. In front of whom does Luther say this?
E. Why was Luther’s location in the HRE key?
10. Luther’s Message provides relief for
the humanist laity
A. they are, in a fairly real sense, the
Church
B. Luther personally translated the
bible into German
11. Printing Press
A. Irony… one of the central tenants of
the R.C. church, if God has allowed the church to
go on for hundreds of years the way it has, it
must be correct. Well, God allowed the
improvement of the Printing Press right about
Luther’s time. Hmmmm….
B. a significant percentage of the books
published in the first century of the printing press
are Luther’s (and other Protestant’s) works. In
what ways was the p.p. an advance?
#12
Protestant Branches
• Most influential  Calvinism
– Predestination, which is simply an extreme
interpretation of Luther’s idea that… ________
– Mind job/terrible decree
– Geneva
– Intolerance
• This is not religious toleration
• Michael Servetus
– Protestant Work Ethic
• Spread quickly
• Anabaptists
–
–
–
–
–
Beliefs about baptism
Separation between Christian state and community
Religious toleration (this is unique!)
A real role for women
“by their fruits you shall know them”… Christ-like,
pacifist, persecuted
– These ideas are very threatening to secular as well as
religious authority… why?
• Persecuted even by other Protestants
– Impact on the framers of the U.S. Constitution, who
will establish the separation of …
#12 Protestant Branches (cont.)
• Anglicans
– Henry VIII- Renaissance Prince
– Starts out as a good Catholic… writes against Luther
– Catholicism popular in England… this is a political
reformation!
– Wants an annulment because he believes only a son
will be able to adequately replace him
• War of the Roses
• Irony?
– Pope can’t agree (although usually he would have)
(Catherine of Aragon problem, Luther problem)
– Henry VIII starts his own church- Anglican – sort of
like Catholicism without the Pope
– Seizes church lands (alternative to exploration…)
– Henry doesn’t use the lands as an endowment… sells
them off to nobles for quick cash…
• This lack of funding will be important to later
English history
#12 Protestant Branches (cont.)
• Anglicans
– Henry’s Reliance on Parliament for
support
– Pilgrimage of Grace
#13 Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Reformation– Internal attempts to purify the
Catholic Church
– Slowed by deep seated church
corruption
#13 Counter Reformation
• Catholic Reformation– Direct response to Protestant challenge
– Council of Trent
• Won’t change basic doctrine but will establish morality and education
guides
• Educated priests, no more indulgences, no pluralism, vocationschallenge to Middle Ages’ form of monasticism, etc.
• Counter Reformation
– Brief history of the inquisition
• Why started in Spain?
• Spreads to Rome
– Index of Prohibited Books
– Religious orders
• Jesuits
• Ursuline Order
Catholic Reformation and Counter
Reformation
• What is the central link between
these two?
#14 ‘Political’ Protestants
• Siding with Luther can be a wise
choice for certain nobles and
kings
– Breaks the hold of the R.C. Church which in
turn allows Renaissance Princes to suck up
church lands and $
– The farther away you are from Rome, the easier
this is to pull off…
Peace of Augsburg
Next Unit- Wars of Religion
The Rest of the
16th century is
filled with Wars of
Religion… let’s
look at the opening
situation
Catholic ‘team’Spain- filthy rich (New World)
France- Medium rich (some trade, angry peasants)
Papal States- medium rich (merchant wealth,
but in disarray)
Eastern Europe- mostly poor
Protestant ‘team’England- medium rich (church lands, later trade)
Netherlands- Medium rich (rising trade)
H.R.E. Poor (but large population)
Scandinavia- mostly poor
Visual #1- Intermarriage as a form of consolidation and the Habsburgs
Isabella of
Castile
Ferdinand of
Aragon
Philip I
(Habsburg)- heir
to part of the
Netherlands and
the H.R.E.
Joanna
H.R.E placed under Charles’
brother Ferdinand (so somewhat
independent from rest of
Habsburg holdings) who had also
gained control of Bohemia and
Hungary
Visual #2Catholicism v
Protestantism
Conquered
Grenada ,
unified
Spain
Charles V
Phillip II
Controls
Spain, H.R.E.
and
Netherlands
Conquers a part of
the Papal States and
‘inherits’ the
Portuguese throne
Gains control of a
big chunk of the New
World
Total Habsburg holdings under
Ferdinand and Philip II??? _______
_________________________
____________________________