Transcript test six notes

TEST THREE NOTES
World History Standard 9
The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and
Reformation.
TUE 9/3/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What was the Renaissance and how did it
affect Europe?
RENAISSANCE
Middle Ages – millennium – from fall of
Western Roman empire (5th century) to
Beginning of Early Modern Period (16th
century).
People suffered from war and plague. In
1350 a movement to revive the interest in
the classical learning of Rome and Greece
began in Italy.
Became known as the
Renaissance. French – rebirth
most important cities; Florence,
Rome, Venice
Humanism began – study of
grammar, rhetoric, history, &
poetry. Humanists
Founder of Humanism was
Francesco Petrarch.
He wrote in two languages.
Latin and Italian.
Another Humanist was Dante.
He was exiled from Florence for
not appearing in court to defend
himself against allegations that
he did not commit. If he
returned he was to be burned
alive. This had a major impact
on his writings.
His most famous work is the
Divine Comedy. In this Dante
places many Florentine
politicians and Catholic figures
in various stages of Hell, levels
of Purgatory, or even spheres of
Heaven.
Erasmus –
Christian Humanist from
Holland. Wrote book called The
Praise of Folly where he poked
fun at greedy merchants,
heartsick lovers, quarrelsome
scholars, and pompous priests.
Probably the most famous of
the Italian Renaissance writers
was Niccolo Machiavelli. In
1513 he wrote the famous
essay called the The Prince.
Described government as it
actually worked. Said a Prince
had to be as strong as a lion
and as shrewd as a fox. Might
have to trick his enemies or
even his own people. Not
concerned with morally right –
politically effective.
1500 northern humanists
Church had lost sight spiritual
mission. moral leadership
pope - becoming a political
leader - warrior.
In 1516 an English humanist
Thomas More wrote Utopia.
Criticized current society and
described his ideal society.
Early 1600’s William
Shakespeare.
Wed 9/4
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did Martin Luther
change Christianity in Europe?
ARTISTIC & SCIENTIFIC
ACHIEVEMENTS
Renaissance painters could make their art
lifelike. Used technique called perspective
– by making distant objects smaller than
those in the foreground, and arranging
things in certain ways, create the illusion
of depth on a flat canvas.
Late 1400’s and early 1500’s such genius
period called High Renaissance.
Two most famous –
Leonardo da Vinci – painter,
sculptor, and scientist
True Renaissance Man – good
at many things. Studied muscle
movements and how veins were
arranged in a leaf like pattern.
He filled notebooks with
sketches and observations from
his studies and used them in his
artwork. Most famous work –
Mona Lisa and Last Supper.
Michelangelo Buonarroti –
painter, sculptor, architect, and
poet. Also a renaissance man.
Most famous for the way he
portrayed the human body in
paintings and sculptures. Sistine
Chapel, Statute of David, Dome
of St. Peters Basilica (Rome).
REFORMATION
Humanists - Church more
interested income
members salvation.
Church emphasis on personal
faith and spirituality.
religious revolution, split the
Church in Western Europe,
the Reformation. first break
church in Rome -Germany.
Germany did not - strong central
government,
they were unable to resist
demands for money made by
the pope.
government too weak to
control independent ideas about
religion.
1514 Pope Leo X - rebuild St
Peters Church in Rome.
Germany great place to raise
the money project. A monk Johann Tetzel was put in
charge of raising the funds from
Germany.
Tetzel - fund-raising
buy indulgences. An
indulgence was a pardon given
in return for repentance.
It supposedly guaranteed
sinners that they could reduce
the time their souls spent in
punishment in purgatory.
Indulgences- originally a
reward for exceptionally good
deeds- Crusades.
1500 - simply being sold and
had - means to raise money.
This misuse appalled the
northern humanists.
Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was born in
1483. son of a miner
Luther – lawyer went into the
monastery.
Not deeds/ceremonies
only thing that mattered was an
inner faith in God. This belief
became the heart of the new
beliefs he developed, and these
beliefs became known as
Lutheranism.
that it was a crime for people to
be asked - pay for false
promises of forgiveness. In
1517 Luther denounced Tetzel,
and soon the news spread all
over Europe.
Current Event due tomorrow!!!!
Study terms 12 & 13 for quiz
Friday
Headings Chap 12 (15) due
today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=un2qxIlqLP8
Thur – 9/05/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What events led to England
leaving the Catholic Church?
Luther did not want to break
from the Church, but he
criticized Tetzel by posting, on
the local church door, 95
theses, or statements about
indulgences.
Luther took advantage of the
new technology of his day and
used a printing press to
spread his ideas. He wrote
three books in 1520 that
outlined his beliefs.
That same year the Church
declared him a heretic – an
unbeliever – and he was
excommunicated. In 1521 the
Holy Roman Emperor
summoned Luther to a special
meeting of the empire, called a
Diet, at the city of Worms.
The emperor asked Luther to
withdraw his ideas and when
Luther refused the Emperor
prohibited the sale or printing of
his books. But since Germany
did not have a strong central
government Luther was
protected by local princes and
not harmed.
A few years later the prince who
supported Luther protested the
emperor’s treatment of Luther.
Because of this protest, the
followers of Luther became
known as Protestants.
Luther continued to spread his
beliefs. He translated the
bible into German so that all
Germans could read the bible
on their own.
JOHN CALVIN
Calvin was French. He was also
influential during the Reformation. Wrote
book called Institutes of the Christian
Religion in which he expressed his ideas
about God, Salvation, and Human Nature.
He said people are sinful by nature.
Calvin felt best governments
were Theocracy’s –
governments controlled by
religious leaders. New religion
– Calvinism. He was asked to
be the ruler of the city of
Geneva, Switzerland. Viewed
as model city for highly moral
citizens.
John Knox was a Scottish
preacher. He visited Geneva
and returned to Scotland with
Calvin’s ideas. Knox’s followers
became known as
Presbyterians. In France,
followers of Calvin’s ideas were
called Huguenots.
Anabaptists
Comes from Greek word meaning baptize
again. Baptized only those who were
believed to be old enough to decide for
themselves to be Christian.
Felt church and State should be separate.
They refused to fight in wars, and they
shared all possessions.
Terms Quiz tomorrow 12 & 13
timeline chaps 12 & 13 - 25
events
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=-fadCAHjN-s
Friday – 9/6
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What was the Age of
Discovery?
Some Protestant ideas filtered
into England by the 1530’s. The
English also had a tradition of
resistance to the popes that
went back to John Wycliffe in
the 1300’s. Wycliffe was a
member of the clergy and a
teacher at Oxford University.
He believed the pope’s claim to
absolute authority of the Church
was wrong. He believed that a
person could be saved without
the aid of a priest.
Wycliffe translated the Bible
into English. England’s final
break with the Catholic Church
was the work of the King of
England, Henry VIII
(1509-1547).
Henry thought that strong royal
power depended on his having
a son to succeed him. He and
his wife had not had a son, so
he decided to divorce her and
remarry. Divorce was forbidden
in the Catholic Church, but
exceptions could be granted by
the pope.
But the pope refused to give Henry
his divorce, so Henry took England
out of the church in the 1530’s and
decreed his own divorce. He
eventually married 6 times and
finally got his male heir. When
England left the Catholic Church
England became protestant and
created the Anglican Church.
Henry’s son Edward VI ruled at
the age of 9 (with adult
advisors). England remained
Protestant during his rule.
When he died; Mary the
st
daughter of Henry’s 1 wife
came to rule.
She was a devout Catholic and
made England Catholic again.
When the Protestants resisted
she ordered their death. In
1558 Mary died and Elizabeth I
took the throne.
Elizabeth I
She returned the Anglican Church as the
only legal church of England. She wanted
to set up a state church that would attract
both moderate Catholics and moderate
Protestants. Protestant preachers allowed
to marry and preach in English. The
Catholics wanted to overthrow her. This
will cause problems later with Spain.
Phillip II
COUNTER REFORMATION
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
Millions left the Catholic Church during the
Protestant Reformation. Leaders such as
Luther, Calvin, Wycliffe, began separate
religions. But many stayed loyal to the
Catholic Church and worked to bring about
some change within.
Define Terms chaps 14/15
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BdE7LyxdTAg&feature=relmf
u
Ignatius of Loyola
Was from Spain.
wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises
where he laid out a plan for a day-to-day
meditation and study plan. Over the next
18 years he gained many followers.
Jesuits
In 1540, the pope created a religious order
of followers called the Society of Jesus.
Members were called Jesuits. Had 3 main
goals: 1. developed suburb schools
throughout Europe –theology and core
classes 2. Convert non-Christians to
Catholicism. Missionaries sent worldwide
3. Stop spread of Protestantism
Popes of Reform
Paul III – took 4 main steps to reforming
the Catholic Church and reforming its
image. 1. Directed a council of Cardinals
to investigate the selling of indulgences.
2. Started the Jesuit order
3. Used Inquisition to stomp out heresy
(false teaching) in Papal states
4. Council of Trent in Italy
Council of Trent
Lasted from 1545-1563. Northern Italy
Bishops and Cardinals agreed on doctrine
concerning the Catholic Church.
1. Churches interpretation of the Bible
was final. Any substitution or change was
heresy
2. Christians needed faith & good works
for salvation. Luther – faith alone
3. The Bible and church
tradition were equally powerful
guiding authorities for Christians
4. Indulgences were valid
expressions of faith but false
selling of them was forbidden.
Paul IV
Carried out the decrees of the Council of
Trent. In 1559 banned books he thought
were dangerous. List called the Index of
Forbidden Books and included the
Protestant Bible. Any book on the list was
to be burned. In Venice, over 10,000
books were burned.
Mon 1/14
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8waBR2Hpsgk&feature=relat
ed
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Why did Europe begin to
colonize other areas?
Age of Discovery
In the 1100’s the European crusaders
fought the Muslims for the Holy Land.
In 1275 Marco Polo reached the palace of
Kublai Khan in China. – Silk Roads
The Renaissance encouraged a new spirit
of adventure and curiosity.
Mercantilism
Colonies
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
One of the main goals - get to
Asia in order to acquire spices,
silks and jewels. These were
valuable trading items. A ship
filled with spices was a hundred
times more expensive than a ship
filled with timber or grain.
Spices, silks and jewels were
produced mainly in India, China
and the islands of East and
southeastern Asia.
Europeans needed advanced
technology to get there
Map Making – had improved
during the Renaissance. One
ancient writer was Ptolemy.
showed the world was round.
Coasts - Africa and Asia.
soon preparing even more accurate
charts of coastlines.
Navigation Instruments –sail
far out to sea - stay close to the
coastline.
Compass
Astrolabe
New Ships –Improvements
were made in the shapes of
sails, and in the rudder.
Caravel – triangular shaped –
against wind
Cannon/handguns
REASONS TO GO TO
North America was loaded with
naval stores –
which the English had to buy
from Sweden or Russia.
Farmlands - peasants left their
villages in search of jobs and
opportunities. One good
prospect for work seemed to be
life at sea. Sailors were paid,
fed, and given a place to sleep.
Colonies offered settlers various
attractions.
The promise of anew life, the
hope to own land
hoping for quick riches. The
discovery of gold, jewels, could
make a quick profit.
Tales of El Dorado in SA
And others went oversees
because of persecution or
political problems at home.
And so the call for exploration
and expansion was:
God, Glory, and Gold
Elizabethan Age – 1558-1603
Georgian Age – 1714 - 1830
Victorian Age – 1837-1901
st
1
Benchmark (Tests 1 & 2)
rd
block Friday & 3 block Thur.
Use study guides for tests 1 & 2
Headings (15) chap 14 TODAY!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zPtYmq5qFVA
Tues
9/10
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did Prince Henry
encourage expansion?
Portugal -one of the first
interested in exploration.
Prince Henry.
nicknamed Henry the Navigator.
He had 4 main goals for Portugal:
1. He wished to acquire new lands
and peoples for Christianity by a
crusade in Africa.
2. He planned to surprise the
Muslims by joining forces with
Prester John
3. He wanted to acquire a share
of the African slave trade that
the Muslims controlled.
4. He wanted to start trading
with Asia.
Early 1400’s Prince Henry
founded a school - navigators
his sea captains began a series
of explorations westward into
the Atlantic and southward to
Africa.
along the African coast, each
ship going just a little farther
than the next.
claimed a number of islands
and they began to trade in
slaves, gold and ivory.
In 1488 Bartholomew Dias sailed
around the Cape of Good Hope, at
the southern tip of Africa. – 3 G’s
In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed
around Africa and across the Indian
Ocean and returned with riches
from Asia. - water route to Asia
Spain interest in exploring.
Ferdinand and Isabella,
decided to finance
Christopher Columbus.
Italian navigator.
world was much smaller than it
actually is, and so he thought he
could reach India quickly and
easily by sailing west. In
August of 1492, he left Spain
with three ships and crossed the
Atlantic.
In October landed on the island
of San Salvador (near Cuba).
Columbus thought an island off
the coast of India
called the people Indians.
As a result these islands will later
be called the West Indies. In the
spring of 1493 Columbus returned
to Spain to report his discoveries.
He made 3 more voyages between
1493 and 1504, and he died
believing he had found lands there
were near or a part of Asia.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2LF1p8aMoOE&feature=relm
fu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4pbWA1FOqs&feature=relmfu
WED 9/11
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What affect did the
Conquistadors have on the
Americas?
1513 a Spaniard named Vasco
Nunez de Balboa crossed the
Isthmus of Panama and looked
at the Pacific Ocean. He called
it the South Sea and claimed it
for Spain.
In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan
(and his crew of 270) sailed 5
ships from Spain westward
across the Atlantic to South
America.
claimed this water body at the
tip of SA and named it the Strait
of Magellan. Other side
Magellan named it the Pacific
Ocean because at the time it
was very calm.
Magellan sailed west across the
Pacific and reached the Philippine
Islands, which he claimed for
Spain. In 1521 he was killed in a
fight with some natives. His
surviving crew members sailed on
in only one ship, the Victoria, and
18 of them returned to Spain in
1522.
Dividing the New Lands
Spain and Portugal each claimed
many new lands.
claimed the same lands.
dispute went to the pope to settle
it. In 1493 he drew what came to
be known as the line of
demarcation.
drew a line down the middle of
the Atlantic Ocean from the
north pole to the South pole.
Spain - new lands west of
that line.
Portugal - new lands east of
that line.
Between 1497 and 1503 an
Italian named Amerigo
Vespucci took part in several
Portuguese explorations across
the Atlantic.
convinced that the land Columbus
had discovered was not a part of
Asia, and he called it a new world.
After reading this, a German
geographer named the new land
America after Amerigo. (Americus)
in Latin.
Samuel de Champlain
established the 1st permanent
French settlement in Canada.
Quebec – 1608. France set up
several other settlements along
the St Lawrence Valley and
Great Lakes region.
Developed a profitable fur trade
with the Indians. Fishing off
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
Late 1600’s King Louis XIV will
encourage larger settlement
and exploration.
French explorer Robert de la
Salle will explore the Mississippi
River region and name the area
in honor of King Louis XIV.
Louisiana
A major French settlement lay
on the island of Hispaniola,
where France established the
colony of Saint-Domingue in
1664. Nicknamed the "Pearl of
the Antilles," Saint-Domingue
became the richest colony in the
Caribbean. Haiti.
Study for Benchmark!
CE due tomorrow!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=h7MvBf3mFLI
EQ
9/12/13
Where was the Portuguese
empire?
James Cook - British
In 1769 he landed on the island of New
Zealand. Greeted by Maori – Polynesian
people who lived there since 800 AD
Culture based on fishing, hunting and
farming.
Reached Australia in 1770, thought land
barely inhabited. Aborigines Longest
ongoing culture in the world. Fished,
hunted and gathered food.
India – 350 years
13 Colonies in North America
By 1778 England used Australia
as a penal colony – prison area.
The Portuguese were the first
Europeans to establish an oversea
empire. they acquired the Azores
Islands in the Atlantic; the western
coast of Africa and settled what is
today Angola, Mozambique, and
Zanzibar.
In 1510 the Portuguese
conquered parts of India and
then took the SE Asian islands
called Malacca and Moluccas.
The Europeans called them
the Spice Islands because
they were rich with cloves,
nutmeg, and other spices.
From the Spice Islands they
were able to move toward
China. They first went to China
in 1514. The Chinese called the
Portuguese the “ocean devils”.
The Chinese will prevent the
Portuguese from settling in China
several times, but eventually they
will build a fort in the city of Macao.
The Portuguese will also reach
Japan as early as 1542. The island
of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Brazil will
be Portuguese colonies.
MUSLIM EXPLORERS
Zheng He (jung huh) was a Chinese
Muslim who was in charge of 7 voyages
during the Ming Dynasty. The
explorations were from SE Asia to Africa.
In each voyage a total of 40-300 ships
would sail under his control. Average
crews were around 27,000 sailors,
doctors, carpenters, accountants, religious
leaders, and interpreters.
The fleet sailed all around the
Indian Ocean stopping at
various ports to exchange gifts
and show Chinese superiority.
16 countries sent tribute to the
Ming Dynasty. Spread Muslim
faith. In 1433 (after 7th voyage)
China turned to isolationism.
Ibn Battuta
was a Moroccan scholar and traveler who
is known for the account of his travels and
excursions called the Rihla (Voyage). His
journeys lasted for a period of nearly thirty
years and covered almost the entire
known Islamic world and beyond.
a distance far surpassing that of
Marco Polo and the Silk Roads.
Test 3 will be TUE 9/17.