Transcript European Renaissance and Reformation

1300-1600
Chapter 1
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Goals and Objectives: Upon completion
students should be able to:
Explain how political and economic
conditions resources, geographic locations
and cultures have contributed to
cooperation and conflict
Describe the changes in Europe as a result of
the early Renaissance.
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Renaissance the period from 1300-1600 called the
Renaissance, which means rebirth. Italy had three
things that fostered the Renaissance.
1. Thriving cities
2. A wealthy merchant class
3. Classical heritage of Greece and Rome
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The plague (1300’s) killed as many as 60% in
some towns.
This cut back the number of laborers and
thus increased the wages of those that
remained. Art was pursued by many of the
wealthy.
1. Members of the wealthy class turned to controlling the
government by loaning money to the different leaders of the
government.
2. One family Medici controlled Florence not themselves but by
giving money to the ruling council.
3. These ruling merchants supported the arts, which allowed a
rebirth of the classics.
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The artists supported by the wealthy men,
drew on the classic remains of the ancient
Greek and Roman influences that surrounded
the cities of Italy.
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What new cultural features have emerged in
the U.S. recently? Why have they grown?
What are the cultural centers of the U.S.
today? Why are they the centers?
Are there values that could be categorized as
uniquely American?
1. Study of the classics turned to Humanism,
which focused on human potential and
achievements.
2. Humanists encouraged and supported the
study of classical educations such as history,
literature, philosophy; known as the
humanities.
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Religious tradition focused on church ideas such a sacrifice
and living in ordinary ways, focusing on being righteous.
The humanist in Italy enjoyed material luxuries, fine music,
and tasty foods.
Secularism-worldly and concerned with the here and now.
Some church leaders got more worldly living in beautiful
mansions, had lavish banquets and wore fine clothing.
Even popes of the Roman church became patrons of the arts,
by buying a great deal of art to beautify the churches.
A renaissance man was one who strove to master all
areas of study, they were educated and universal in
abilities.
 They mastered many different things and were
witty
 They studied the classics and knew literature and
poetry.
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Baldassare Castiglione
Author of the Courtier
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The Renaissance woman knew the classics and was
charming.
She would not seek fame of her abilities.
Most women had no power, however one lady of a ruling
family married the ruler of another city-state. Isabella D’Este
brought many different artists into her court thus promoting
the spread of and acceptance of the art collection she
acquired.
Isabella D’Este
Medieval artists used religious items to paint
whereas the artists of the renaissance started
painting individuals (portraits)
 The technique of perspective has three dimensions
on a flat surface.
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Showing images in the true form that they appear in rather
than trying to change them for perfect images.
Michelangelo painted realistic images and Donatello
sculpted to show natural postures and personality. Sistine
-Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel
-Raphael- School of Athens
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Renaissance writers did not write in the
classical Latin, however he or she wrote in
vernacular- his or her own language.
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They wrote for self-expression or to portray
the individuality of their subjects.
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Machiavelli advises rulers, by writing a political guidebook,
The Prince.
He tells how a ruler can gain power and then maintain that
power.
stated that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt.
To keep power a leader must be strong like lion and shrewd
like fox. He wasn’t concerned with what is morally right, but
what is politically effective.
Is Machiavelli correct??
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Women usually wrote about personal
subjects, not politics.
Vittoria Colonna helped publish The Courtier.
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Goals and Objectives: Upon completion,
students should:
Explain the main reasons why the
Renaissance spread to N. Europe.
Identify key contributors to the Northern
Renaissance.
Explain the term cultural diffusion while
providing examples.
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Flanders became the center of the N. Renaissance
Population growth rebounded from the years of the plague
and the 100 years war between France and England ended.
The rulers of England and France bought paintings of the
artists to place in their palaces. (patrons)
The ideas and methods of the renaissance blended with the
culture of the Northern Europeans and became uniquely
Northern European.
humanists looked at social reform based on Christian values.
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Italy had a civil war and many of the writers and artists of Italy
traveled north to get out of harm’s way. Thus spreading the
classics to northern Europe.
The German painters took to painting in a style known as
realism. Painting scenes or events as they truly were. He
painted the monarchs of England.
Flemish painters used oil to display their individuality and
worldly pleasures.
Hans Holbein- Henry VIII
Jan Van Eyck- The Arnolfini Wedding
Albrecht Durer-The Adoration of the Magi
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Christian humanists looked at the church
believing it had failed to inspire people to live
a Christian life.
Christian humanists tried to reform society
including the growth of education to women.
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Who are the people today who could be
considered reformers?
What areas of reform do you see taking place
today?
Who are the most influential people today in
American society? How have they gained
such influence?
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Thomas More wrote a book entitled Utopia
looking for a perfect world full of peace loving
people in a land where greed, corruption, war
and crime had been weeded out.
Many women could not unable to read or write,
Christine de Pizan was an exception.
 She wrote in French, writing many books including
short stories, biographies and manuals on military
techniques.
 She questioned why boys and girls were treated
differently.
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The period from 1558-1603 where she ruled England.
As Queen, she was a major patron of the arts in
supporting poetry and music as well as literature.
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Considered the greatest play write ever.
He used the classics as an inspiration
Used the human soul to write about human
flaws.
Chinese inventor Bi sheng invented a movable type
but it was impracticle
 Johan Gutenberg invented the printing press in
1440.
 This was used to produce bibles, books and
pamphlets.
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New artistic ideas and techniques were practiced.
The Church was challenged by secular ideas
There was a rise of humanism
Vernacularism led to more languages being written
A respect for the classics was restored.
Literacy increased because of more available books.
Christian humanism spread in the north.
Goals and Objectives: Upon completion,
students should:
1. Explain the reasons for the reformation:
2. Describe the impacts of the reformation.
3. Summarize the ways in which Europe
changed as a result of the reformation.
4. Summarize the Elizabethan age:
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Causes of the Reformation
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Church Authority Challenged
Secularism, individualism of Renaissance
challenge
Church authority
Rulers challenge Church’s power
Printing press spreads secular ideas
Northern merchants resent paying church taxes
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Criticisms of the Catholic Church
• Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes
• Poorly educated priests
• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress Bible’s
authority over clergy’s
• Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal
critics of the Church
• Reading religious works, Europeans form own
opinions about Church
The 95 Theses
• Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s
selling of indulgences
• Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from
penalty for a sin
• In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking
“pardon-merchants”
• Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany
• Luther launches the Reformation—a movement
for religious reform
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Reformation rejects pope’s authority
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What traditional beliefs, customs, practices
or laws are challenged in American society
today?
What methods are being used to challenge
these traditions?
Luther’s Teachings
• People can win salvation by good works and faith
• Christian teachings must be based on the Bible,
not the pope
• All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible
without priests
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The Pope’s Threat
• Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to
excommunicate Luther (1520)
• Luther’s rights of Church membership are
taken away
• Luther refuses to take back his statements
and is excommunicated
The Emperor’s Opposition
• Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
• He issues Edict of Worms (1521),
declaring Luther a heretic
• Luther and followers begin a separate
religious group—Lutherans
The Peasants’ Revolt
• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants
seek end to serfdom (1524)
• Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people
die
The Peasants’ Revolt
• Inspired by Reformation, German peasants
seek end to serfdom (1524)
• Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people
die
Germany at War
• Some princes side with Luther, become known
as Protestants
• Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to
Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)—each prince can
decide religion of his state
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Henry VIII Wants a
Son
• Henry has only daughter,
needs male heir to rule
England
• Henry wants a divorce;
Pope refuses to annul—
set aside—his first
marriage to Catherine of
Aragon
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The Reformation
Parliament
• Parliament passes laws
ending pope’s power in
England
• Henry remarries, becomes
official head of England’s
Church
• Thomas More refuses to go
against Catholic Church
and is beheaded
Thomas More spoke out against Henry in
1534 and was arrested and executed.
 The Act of Supremacy stated that England’s
citizens must renounce the Pope’s authority
and to accept Henry as the official leader of
the Church of England.
 Henry died in 1547
Henry>>>Edward VI>>>Mary>>>Elizabeth
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Henry VIII
died in 1547
just 9 years old
ruled 6 years
Catherine’s daughter Anne Boleyn’s
restored Catholicism daughter
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
• Some Protestants and Catholics oppose
Elizabeth
• Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens
England
• Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict with
Parliament
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In 1559 Parliament officially set up the Anglican
Church, making her the head of the church.
 Elizabeth created reforms that appealed to both
Catholics and Protestants, many catholic traditions
continued but priests could marry.
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Catholics still tried to overthrow Elizabeth and
replace her with Mary Queen of Scots, her cousin.
 Philip II tried to launch a Spanish invasion, he failed.
 Elizabeth constantly feuded with parliament over
money.
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Upon completion, students should:
1. Identify the specific examples of protestant
growth in Europe.
2. Describe the ways in which the Catholic
church responded to protestant expansion.
3. Summarize the reforms of the church
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Religious theologian. Founder of Calvinist
thought, ruler of Geneva
His ideas would spread through Europe. One
of the more powerful Christian reformers
The idea that God has already decided who is
to be saved, your actions really don’t matter.
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More than just religious
scholar, a leader as well.
Calvin ruled Geneva as a
theocracy (a government
based on religious laws)
Anyone who did not
follow his rules were
either banished or
executed.
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In Scotland Calvinism
spread, followers were
known as Presbyterians.
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In France Calvinists
followers were called
Huguenots.
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St. Ignatius of Loyola
In 1522 he wrote Spiritual
Exercises
Daily plan for
meditation, prayer and
study
Over time he gathered
followers
In 1540 his followers
were named an official
religious order by the
Pope, called Jesuits.
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The “Jesuits” spread throughout Europe
They created rigorous but EXCELLENT schools
 Concentrated equally on classical works and theology
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Spread Catholicism through Europe
 Held off Protestant advancement in Poland and Southern
Germany
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Pope Paul III
 Led the reformation
Investigated
indulgences
 Called the Council of
Trent
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The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final.
You need faith AND good works to get into Heaven
Indulgences were valid expression of faith, but false
purchase of them was banned
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Protestant churches flourished
Formation of church schools and universities
Church political authority declined in Europe as
monarchs and states gained power.
Roots of the Enlightenment were formed as people
began to question other ideas long held by the church.