Transcript Chapter 17 ObjectivesEuropean Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 17 Objectives
European Renaissance and Reformation
1300-1600
• Do Now: Label notes chapter 17.1- 17.4 and copy the
objectives numbered below. By the end of this chapter,
students will be able to:
1. Explain the origins and innovations of the early
Renaissance.
2. Trace the spread of Renaissance ideas to Germany,
Flanders, Holland, and England.
3. Analyze causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
4. Describe further changes in Protestantism and Catholic
Reformation.
Renaissance
Fun and Informational video lectures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_mqpzdU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0
17.1
Rebirth!!
• Renaissance: a time of great creativity
– Do we today live a time of great creativity?
• Defined as “rebirth” of art, literature (lit.), science,
the human spirit, and learning.
• Began in Northern Italy after the Middle (dark) Ages
– Spreads to other European states
• People began to question the Catholic Church
• Importance of the individual becomes valued
Why Italy?
• Italy’s 3 advantages:
1. Prosperous cities
2. Wealthy merchants
3. Classical heritage (art and literature) of Greece
and Rome
Prosperous Cities
• Overseas trade led to
growth of cities
• Northern Italy already
had large towns
– Urbanized
– Cities are places
where ideas are
exchanged (learning
happens)
• Rest of Europe rural
Wealthy Merchants
• Each city had wealthy merchants
– Merchants dominated politics
– Were not born into nobility
– Believed in individual
achievement
– Funded artists
• Medici Family
– Banking family in Florence
– Cosmo de Medici wealthiest
European
• Dictator of Florence (30 years)
Greece and Rome
• Middle Age art not respected
– Scholars looked to Greece and
Rome for art and literature (lit.)
• Scholars used 3 ways to learn
from Greece and Rome
1. Inspired by Roman
architecture
2. Studied ancient Latin
manuscripts
3. Christian scholars fled to
Rome with manuscripts after
Turks conquer Constantinople
Humanism
• Ancient manuscripts shed new
light on life and art.
– Leads to idea of Humanism
• Humanism: defined as an
intellectual movement focusing
on human potential and
achievements
• Humanists:
– Studied ancient text to
understand values – not to agree
with Christian teaching
– Influenced artists and architects
– Popularized the study of the
“Humanities,” (history, lit.,
philosophy)
Secularism
•
•
Then: Secularism referred to the belief in worldly rather
than spiritual concerns
– Movement in society directed away religion.
• Middle Age belief: suffer on earth and wait for
heaven
– Reaction to Middle Age belief. People began to show
more interest in human cultural achievements
Today Secularism refers to:
– Political arrangement making government neutral with
regard to religious belief (France: Muslims).
– Widespread decline of religious belief and practice
among ordinary people.
– “a move from a society where belief in God is
unchallenged and indeed, unproblematic, to one in
which it is understood to be one option among others,
and frequently not the easiest to embrace.” Secularism,
Religious Renaissance, and Social Conflict in Asia:
Richard Madsen
Renaissance Man vs. Woman
• During Ren. ALL educated people were expected to create art
(except women – they inspired art)
• A Renaissance Man was:
– Charming, he danced, sang, played music, wrote poetry,
was very funny, was charming, and well educated
– For example:
Art
• Ren. art based on realism
– Copied from classical Greek and Roman art
– Realistic portraits based on “real” individuals
• Use of Perspective (three dimensional on flat surface)
• Realism:
– Michelangelo Buonarroti and Donatello: focused on
the human body (Ex. David)
– Leonardo de Vinci: The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
– Raphael Sanzio: famous for perspective
– Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi: two
of a very few female artists
Renaissance Art
• Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam (Sistine
Chapel)
Michelangelo’s vs. Donatello’s David
Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper and
Mona Lisa
Raphael Sanzio’s The Transfiguration
Anguissola and Gentileschi
Medieval Art
Changing Literature: The Vernacular
• Vernacular: defined as someone's native
language (instead of Latin)
– Who Dat?
• Question: How could writing a novel or
informational text in the vernacular affect
society?
17.2
The Northern (European) Renaissance
• How did the Ren. Spread to Northern
Europe?
1. Population begins to grow after
Bubonic Plague.
2. 100 Years’ War (France vs.
England) ends and cities grow
rapidly
3. Monarchs and merchants
support artists
4. War in Italy waged by France
forces Italian artists to leave for
Northern Europe
• Artistic ideas and humanism spreads
and mingles with northern traditions
– Creates a unique character to
Northern Ren.
– Realism in art and social change
based on Judeo-Christian values
Germany: Albrecht Durer and Hans
Holbein
Flanders (now part of France and
Netherlands): Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel
Writers Reform Society
• Northern humanist critical of Church
– Church unable to influence people to live
Christian lives
• Christian Humanism develops
– Focus: reform (change) society
– Education most important (for women)
• Established schools for boys AND girls
• Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) and Thomas
More (England)
– Erasmus: made fun of greedy merchants
and believed in Christianity of the heart –
not ceremony
– More: Utopia (Ideal place). No greed,
war, or corruption exists, thus no need for
money
Elizabethan Age
• Spread of Ren. To England
known as E. Age.
–Queen Eliz. I
• William Shakespeare
–Works displayed deep
understanding of
human spirit and nature
Printing Press Spreads Ideas
• Chinese invent wooden printing blocks
– 1200s block printing reaches Europe
• 1440 Johann Gutenberg (Germany) invents printing press
– Books now produced quickly and cheaply
– Gutenberg Bible first printed 1455
• Importance:
– Hundreds of copies of a single work produced
– Cheap process allows many people to buy books
– Education and Ren. ideas spread
Legacy of Renaissance
• Changes in Art:
1. Inspired by Greece and Rome
2. Realism
3. Secular works
4. Vernacular
5. Arts praised of human achievement
• Changes in Society:
1. Printing press makes info available to masses
2. More books equaled more desire to learn
3. Published discoveries led to further discoveries
4. Published legal proceedings make laws clear
5. Christian Humanists reform society
6. People begin to question political and religious structure
17.3
Martin Luther Leads the Reformation
• Catholic Church dominates life in Europe
– Church interested in money and political power
• Causes of Reformation: SPER
1. Social: Ren. ideas and Humanism and printing press
2. Political: Monarchs challenge Church and Pope
3. Economic: Euro princess and Kings jealous of Church
wealth, merchants didn’t like paying taxes to Church
4. Religious: Church leaders became corrupt, church
practices viewed as unacceptable
Martin Luther
• German Monk and teacher
• 1517 published 95 Thesis
– 95 formal statements attacking
church practices
– Nails them to castle church
– Indulgences (a pardon for sins):
buy your way to heaven
• Thesis are printed and
distributed
– Begins Reformation (a religious
overhaul or improvement)
– Leads to founding of Christian
churches that did not accept
Pope’s authority
Luther’s Teachings
1. People could win salvation only by
faith in God’s gift of forgiveness
2. Church teachings should be based
on the words of the Bible
3. All people of faith were equal,
thus did not need priests to
interpret Bible
• Church teachings:
1. “Good works” needed for
salvation
2. Pope and Church were final
authorities – not Bible
3. Priests interpret Bible for the
people
Response to Luther
• Pope excommunicates Luther after Luther doesn’t take
back thesis
• Luther refuses
– Luther is sheltered by Prince Frederick of Saxony
• Luther and his followers form the Lutheran Church
(separate from the Catholic Church)
• Many people apply Luther’s ideas to revolution
– German peasants raid and burn monasteries and churches
• Luther asked German Princes to show no mercy on the
anarchists
– Princes crush revolt and peasants reject Luther
German Princes Support Luther
• Many German Princess support Luther
– See Luther’s ideas as a way to gain Church wealth
• German princes who remained loyal to the
Pope agreed to join forces against Luther
• Princes who supported Luther signed a
protest against that agreement
• Protesting princes were known as Protestants
- members of non-Catholic churches
Protestantism: What are You?
• Protestantism branches off from
Roman Catholicism and gives rise
to the following branches of
Christianity - see page 491:
– Lutheranism
– Anglicanism
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•
•
•
Episcopalian
Baptist
Methodist
Pentecostal
– Calvinism
– Presbyterian
– Reformed
» The “Word of God" was the final
source of application in matters of
belief
Peace of Augsburg
• Charles V (5th) believed his
people should be Catholic
– Goes to war vs. Protestant
Princess
– Wins!! But, does not force
them back to Catholicism
• Orders all Princes to
Augsburg to meet
– Decision: Peace of
Augsburg – each ruler
would decide the religion of
its state
England’s Henry VIII
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Henry VIII (8th) is Catholic
– Wife: 1st Catherine of Aragon
– Henry does not have male heir and Catherine is 42
years-old
– Wants divorce but can’t b/c (because) he’s Catholic
– Wants marriage “annulled” or set aside
• Pope says “No!”
Henry called on English Parliament to end Pope’s power
in England (Reformation Parliament)
Henry became official head of English Church – not
Pope (Act of Supremacy)
Thomas More (Catholic Humanist) refuses to accept
Henry as leader of Church and is executed
Henry’s 2nd wife (Anne Boleyn) can’t conceive male heir
and she, too, is beheaded
Jane Seymour (3rd wife) finally had a son, then died
Married 3 more times with no sons
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
• Church of England established
– Anglican Church
– Elizabeth I is head of Church
• Compromises by Catholics and Protestants:
– Priests in Church of England may marry
– Deliver sermons in English (not Latin)
– She kept Catholic ceremonies and grand robes
17.4 Reformation Continues
• John Calvin: Religious teaching based on
Calvin known as Calvinism
• Calvin summarizes Protestant beliefs:
– Men and women are sinful by nature
– God chooses those for salvation
• Predestination
Calvin cont…
• Calvin believes Theocracy is ideal government
– Government controlled by religious leaders
• John Knox: Scottish preacher puts Calvin’s ideas to
work in Scotland
– Each community run by presbyters
– Followers called Presbyterians
– Calvinism becomes Scotland's official religion
• France: Calvin’s followers called Huguenots
– Catholics and Huguenots fought often
• Anabaptists (“Radical” Protestant sect) believed only
those old enough to decide their religion were to be
baptized
– Church and state should be separate
– Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants
Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Ref.: movement helping Catholics remain loyal to church
– A counter reformation to Luther and Protestants
• Led by Ignatius of Loyola
– Priest who created the Jesuit order
– Jesuits focused on:
1. Establishing schools
2. Converting non-Christians
3. Stop the spread of Protestantism
Popes Lead Catholic Reformation
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Paul III took 4 steps:
Directed cardinals to investigate indulgences
Approved Jesuit order
Used Inquisition to seek out traitors
Called for Council of Trent
– Agreement among Catholic Bishops and Cardinals
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Church interpretation of Bible was final
Faith and good works needed for salvation
Bible and church authorities equal
Indulgences valid, just not the selling
Pope Paul IV carried out council rules
–
Burned books considered offensive such as Protestant bibles
Legacy of Reformation
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2.
3.
4.
Social effects:
Protestant churches grow in number
New denominations develop
Catholic Church becomes more unified
Education emphasized
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Political effects:
Monarchies gained power over Church
Modern nation-states developed
Warfare, exploration, and expansion begins
Lays groundwork for Enlightenment period