Transcript The Crusades

The Crusades and the
Late Middle Ages
I. What is a Crusade?
A. A series of (at least) 8
military expeditions in an
attempt to capture and
control the Holy Land
B. These will happen over a
period of 200 years
C. The Holy Land is sacred to
Christians because it is the
land that Jesus taught in...
but its also sacred to
Muslims and Jews which
will be the root of issues
even today
D. Pilgrims have been
traveling there since 200
AD
II. Reason for War
A. Turks and Muslims have
controlled much of the area,
including Jerusalem, for
many years
B. Turks will close many of the
trade routes
C. They begin attacking
European pilgrims
D. As the Turkish Empire
continues to grow they begin
attacking Constantinople
E. This will lead to a plea for
help from the Byzantine
Emperor
F. The Byzantine Emperor
will ask Pope Urban II to
send knights to defend the
Christian Empire
G. Pope Urban II agrees to
help the Byzantines,
protect the pilgrims, and
reopen closed trade
routes.
H. He also hoped to unite
Europeans against the
Muslims and Turks to end
the war
I. He also felt it was also a
way to gain prestige and
power for the Church by
reclaiming control of the
Holy Land
III. Why did people fight?
A. Take back Jerusalem
B. People went for the
Church, poor people
especially
C. 2nd born sons went to
achieve glory and wealth
D. The Pope offered
salvation to outlaws,
murderers, and criminals
that went (got them out
of Europe)
E. Some people just liked
to fight, it was fun
IV. 1st Crusade
A. Peter the Hermit
1. He wasn’t sent by the pope
but decided to lead an army
of commoners in battle
2. Called The People’s
Crusade
3. Against the advice of the
Pope and others to wait, he
marches into the Holy Land
4. They are ill supplied and will
plunder towns
5. The majority of his army is
slaughtered by the Turks in
retaliation
6. Peter abandons his army
and flees to Constantinople
B. In 1099, an army of knights
arrive and join the survivors
of the People’s Crusade
C. Will take the city of
Jerusalem and 10,000
inhabitants of all religions
D. Will set up 4 Christian
kingdoms
E. The Turks will continue to
attack and more European
crusaders will arrive
F. Will eventually lose city by
1187
V. Other Crusades
A. Muslim captured Edessa in 1144
which sparks a 2nd Crusade
B. The ruler of Egypt, Saladin, would
unite the Muslims and declare war
on the Christian States
C. Saladin’s forces would capture
Jerusalem in 1187
D. The Third Crusade created a truce
between Richard the Lion-hearted
and Saladin that allowed Christian
Pilgrims to enter Jerusalem safely
E. Fourth Crusade was an attack on
Constantinople which weakened the
Byzantine Empire and helped
Venice
F. 6 more Crusades were fought over
the next 60 years
G. By 1291 the last Christian city fell to
Muslim forces
VI. Effects of the Crusades on Europe
A. Bring many changes to Europe
including playing a role in
ending feudalism.
B. Many lords joined Crusades
and died weakening the feudal
structure
C. Many new goods introduced to
Europe by returning ships that
carried Crusaders to the Middle
East
D. Trade increases significantly
E. New ideas in medicine,
mathematics, and technology
make their way to Europe
F. Seeds of exploration are
planted
VII. Rise of Kingdoms
A. Nobles’ power was dependent on
the king in feudalism
B. The growth of towns shifted the
economy away from manors
(noble control) to cities
C. The king bought cities and made
money of charters and taxes
D. The kings wealth and armies
grew... as did his power
E. Add that to the shrinking of nobles
because of the Crusades (nobles
sold land to pay for the trip and
many died)
F. Less noble land = more king
power
VIII. 100 Years War
A. Lasts 116 years
B. Between England and France
C. All of the battles take place in
France
D. Started because King Edward
of England claimed the French
throne because of his mother’s
family connection
E. Economically it is fought over
control of the English Channel
F. Will end because England is
going through internal fighting
called the War of the Roses, so
France defeats the British in
1453
G. Changes warfare forever
1. Longbow
2. Cannons
IX. Joan of Arc
• Young peasant girl that took
control of the chaos and led
the French to victory in the
Battle of Orleans
• Convinced she had a vision
from God that told her to free
France
• Will lead the French to more
victories with the blessing of
King Charles of France
• She was captured by English
allies and burned at the stake
as a witch
• She is seen as a martyr to the
French people and inspires
them to rise up against
England
X. Effects of the 100 Years War
A. Modern boundaries
between France and
England
B. Rise of Nationalismidentifying and having
pride in one’s people or
nation
C. Kings take more power
while Nobles lose theirs.
D. England’s parliament
takes more control over
taxes and spending
XI. Revival of Trade
A. Crusades brought many
wonderful and unique things
from the Middle East and Asia
B. Europeans start demanding
things:
1. spices, cloth, ivory, etc.
C. European traders begin to
travel abroad
D. Mongol controlled China
increased trade volume on the
Silk Road
XII. Growth of Towns and Cities
A. Towns will grow out of small
villages in manor system
B. Towns could purchase charter
from king (expensive) but allowed
them to separate from control of a
lord
C. They could make own laws and
collect own taxes... independent
D. Owed nothing to lord, charters
turned into a money-maker for
many kings
E. Hastened the decline of
decentralized feudalism system
F. Lords lost revenue and power
while kings gained it helping more
centralize government in Western
Europe
G. Town life is NOT self-sufficient
H. Economy shifts to one that uses
the exchange of money for goods
and services
I. New class develops between the
noble and the peasants = Middle
Class
J. Made up of merchants, artisans,
laborers, traders, bankers, and
other craft workers
K. Guilds develop
L. Towns would grow into large
urban trade centers, which would
become cities
XIII. The Black Plague
A. A bubonic plague struck
Europe and Asia in the
1300s
B. A bubonic plague is a
disease caused by a type of
bacteria carried by fleas,
which infested black rats
C. Believed to have started in
the Gobi Desert and spread
rapidly because of trade on
the Silk Roads
D. Killed half of China (40-60
million) and Europe’s
population (38 Million)
Plague Victim 2012
XIV. Effects of the Black Plague
A. Trade Declined
B. Less people means less workers
C. Workers were in demand which
meant higher wages and lower
rent
D. Fewer people means less
demand for food, leading to
lower food prices
E. Peasants now had money so
they paid rent instead of owing
services, effectively ending
serfdom
F. Along with the Crusades it would
weaken the feudal system