Transcript Chapter 9 Sec. 3 Notes

CHAPTER 9 LESSON 3
NOTES
THE CRUSADES 1096 - 1291
CAUSES FOR THE CRUSADES
• Seljuk Muslim Turks invade
Palestine; take Jerusalem;
threaten
the Byzantine Empire
• Pope Urban II hopes to heal
the schism that had occurred
between W. and E. Christians
in 1054 and to increase his
political power as the leader of
Christendom (kingdom of all
Christians)
• W. European knights motivated
by piety, land, wealth, glory
Peter the Hermit rallying supporters for the First Crusade
RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES
 1st Crusade: The
“People’s Crusade” is
militarily successful
but the Crusaders
massacre thousands of
Jews and Muslims
living there in
Jerusalem
• 3rd Crusade: The Kings’ Crusade
[France’s King Philip Augustus
becomes ill and returns home; H.R.
Emperor Barbarossa drowns on way]
is successful only in that England’s
King
Richard the Lionheart
secures a
3-yr. truce (temporary peace) with
Muslim General
Saladin
who allows unarmed Christian
pilgrims to visit
Jerusalem
• 4th Crusade:
Crusaders
attack and loot the Christian capital,
Constantinople;
• the Byzantine Empire falls to Muslim
Ottoman Turks who establish the
Ottoman Empire;
Constantinople is renamed
Istanbul
From the movie, Kingdom of Heaven
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
• Cultural diffusion in the West as result of
trade revival
• Gun powder, catapult, and the
crossbow are introduced to the West
• There becomes a need for education,
leading to a need for
universities, which leads to a new kind of
learning called
scholasticism (combining reason and
faith), leading to the use of the
vernacular (the everyday language of an
area) into various European kingdoms leading
to a monumental rebirth of learning, beginning
first in
Italy,
and becoming known as the European
Renaissance
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR [13371453]
• A series of conflicts
fought
between
England and
France
over French lands held by the
English
•Most noted military leader was
Joan of Arc of France who
successfully led her troops
against the English at the
Battle of Orleans, inspiring
nationalism;
she is captured by the English; taken to
England; tried as a witch and as a
heretic;
burned at the stake; becomes a
martyr;
is finally canonized by the Roman Catholic
Church in
1920
• France wins Hundred Years’ War, leaving only
the French seaport of Calais in English hands
• Longbows and
cannons cause
knights and castles to
become obsolete
(outdated);
serfdom is weakened by
the Black Death;
feudalism declines
• The Bubonic Plague route to Europe: originated
in China >
into the Black Sea area > to
Italy on trading ships carrying flea-infested rats
• Kills 25 million (1/3 of European population)
• Christian Europeans blame
Jews for the plague and accuse them of infecting
the air and water;
Jews are used as
scapegoats (those blamed for someone else’s
hardships)
• Thousands of Jews are murdered in
pogroms (planned massacres) and thousands
more are burned out of their homes;
anti-Semitism is at an all-time high…again
• Feudalism’s practice of
serfdom declines steeply as peasants die from
the plague, and those remaining, begin to
demand better working conditions (a matter of
supply and
demand)