Transcript Unit 10 - Pleasantville High School

Unit 10:
The High Middle Ages
Problems in the Church
•Lay Investiture
•Simony – Buying and selling of Church
offices
•Bishops without training & lack
understanding of canon law.
•Rich maintain control over Church.
•Many bishops and abbots cared
more about positions as lords than
their duties as spiritual leaders.
•Worldly lives of clergy
Cluniac Reforms
■Benedictine Rule at Cluny
–Monks and nuns took oath of
poverty.
–They took vows of chastity and of
obedience to the abbot.
–Chief duties were prayer and
worship of God.
–Spiritual value of manual labor
Popes & Church Reform
■Leo IX and Gregory VII – pass laws
against simony and priest marrying.
■Reorganization takes place in 1100s
and 1200s – resembles a kingdom
with Pope at the head.
–The Curia (also court) –
advisors/diplomats of Pope who
travel around Europe hearing cases.
■Result: Papal power increases
Friars – Traveling Monks
■Franciscans – St. Francis of Assisi
–Emphasized the spiritual equality
of all creatures.
■Dominicans – St. Dominic
–Scholars open up schools to
educate people about Church
doctrines.
Hildegard of Bingen
■ Nun, writer, and mystic
■ Instrumental in the founding of
Benedictine convent
■ Important contributions to science
–Kings and Popes believed she was
divinely inspired
■ Promoted the one-to-one relationship
with God through meditation.
Early
medieval
cathedrals
were
built with
Medieval
Christianity
was
so
important
The
Role
of
the
Medieval
Church
Romanesque
architecture
–
think
walls
with tiny
that small churches were built on manors,
windows
light)were
and built
roundinarches
but large(limited
cathedrals
cities
But in the late medieval period,
Gothic architecture was introduced
Tall spires & pointed arches
directed the eye towards heaven
Flying buttresses allowed
for fewer columns &
more open space inside
Stained Glass
– common
Most famousNotre Dame
“City of God”
Why did Christians go to Jerusalem
during the Middle Ages?
Crusades:
Background Information
■ The Crusades were a series of holy wars fought for
control of the city of Jerusalem
■ Jerusalem was a holy city for people of three faiths
– Jews: God’s own city and the site of Solomon’s temple
(remains of which are known as the Western Wall)
– Christians: city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected
– Muslims: 3rd holiest city and place where Muhammad
ascended into heaven (Site of the Dome of the Rock)
Pope Urban II issued a call
The Crusades
: Successful Failures?
to Christians
for a Crusade
(a holy war) to regain
In 1095, the Seljuk
control of the Holy Land
Turks invaded & took
the holy city of
Jerusalem & began to
attack the Byzantine
Empire
Over the next 300 years,
Christians fought Muslim armies
in 9 different Crusades
Why did Christians go on the Crusades?
History Channel Video #1:
The Spiritual Life of Europe
Merchants wanted
access to trade routes
Too much fighting in
Knights wanted to
Europe
support the Church
The Pope wanted to unite
& reclaim the Holy
Roman Catholic & Eastern
Land; Many hoped
Orthodox Christians & regain
to gain land &
holy lands from Muslims
wealth
Why did people go on Crusade?
•Religious fervor
•Second/third sons looking
for land & wealth
•Eternal life
•Spirit of adventure
•Debts/crimes forgiven
Christian soldiers took
But, Muslims took back
The Crusades
back Jerusalem during
Jerusalem & kept it during
the First Crusade
the Second & Third Crusades
More Crusades were
fought, but Christians
never regained the
Holy Lands
The Third Crusade: Different
Backgrounds, Same Destination
■ Two leaders arose to guide
their people
■ Though very different,
each posed an intimidating
threat for the other
■ Richard I of England led
the Christians, and Saladin
led the Muslims
■ Both desired to attain
control of Jerusalem over
all else
■ Traveled across Egypt with his
uncle, General Shrikuh as a young
boy
■ Soon arose to Vizier of Egypt and
from this position finally replaced
Nur al-Din as Sultan of Arabia
Saladin
Highly popular among the masses
because of his good morals, spirituality,
and kindness
#1

#2
•
Attacked and
conquered Tiberias,
Acre, and Jerusalem
in 1187 c.e.
•Pope Urban III died
of shock when he
heard the news of the
loss of Jerusalem
Though Saladin was Sultan of Arabia,
he was a Kurd, not an Arab
Saladin (cont.)
■ Formidable
Presence on the
battlefield
■ Although he was
very fierce in
battle, he was
known for being
charitable (Zakat)
Richard I
Reign: July 6, 1189 – April
6, 1199
Coronation: September 3,
1189
Queen: Berengaria of
Navarre
(c. 1165/ 1170 – 1230)
Father: Henry II (1133–
1189)
Mother: Eleanor of
Aquitaine (1124–1204)
Born: September 8, 1157
Beaumont Palace,
Oxford
Died: April 6, 1199
Châlus, in Limousin
Buried: Fontevraud Abbey
■ Ascended the
English throne at
the death of his
older brother
Henry III
■ Could Not enter
the Early
crusades because
of conflict in his
family
Richard I
■ Agreed to join Phillip of France in Third
Crusade
■ Did not enter the fray of the Holy War until
June 8, 1191, when he joined the assault on
Acre
■ Became infamous among the Muslims after he
slaughtered 2,600 prisoners upon capturing
them at Acre
■ Earned the nickname “Richard the
Lionhearted” because of his bravery and
courage in battle
Richard I (cont.)
■ After capturing Acre, he then
pressed on towards Jaffa, a
city that could potentially
serve as a HQ for attacking
Jerusalem
■ Though he
probably could
have captured
Jerusalem,
conflict back in
England forced
him to return
home
Richard the Lionhearted attacking Muslim
warriors while on horseback. He was
known for being lazy when it came to
preparation for battle, as he often did not
wear all of his armor
Treaty and Terms
■ Richard and Saladin finally
agreed upon a peace treaty
after repeated attempts
■ Treaty was finalized on
September 2, 1192, about
three years after the crusade
began
■ Terms: Jerusalem would remain
under Muslim control, but
unarmed Christian pilgrims
could visit the city
■ Richard and his troops left
the Holy Land on October 9,
1192
Richard,
looking down
upon Jerusalem
before
departing the
Holy Land
4th Crusade
■ By the 1200’s Europeans had lost sight of
the religious goals of the Crusades
■ Instead of going to Jerusalem, the
Crusaders attacked the Christian city of
Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire
–Burn, loot, and massacre the city
■ Left a lasting bitterness between the
Eastern Orthodox world and Western
Europe.
Additional Crusades
■Children’s Crusade- 1212
– perhaps where the Pied Piper Story comes frommany disappear sold into slavery
■The Reconquista– Spanish Muslims (Moors or Moriscoes) control
much of country
– Reconquista a long effort to drive out Moors
– By 1400’s only Granada remained Muslim
– 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella- use Inquisition
– Expel Moors and Spanish Jews (Maranoes)
Effects of the Crusades
■ Byzantine Empire on last legs (1453 it ends)
■ Power of Pope declines
■ Power of feudal nobles weakens
■ Kings become stronger
■ Religious intolerance increases
(Anti-Semitism grows)
■ Trade increases between Europe and Middle
east through Italian city states/also
technology
■ Holy Land “shared” by three religions
Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades brought
cultural diffusion &
introduced new ideas
into Western Europe
Increased desires for
luxury goods like silk,
cotton, sugar, & spices
Introduced technologies
like compass, astrolabe,
ship designs, & gunpowder
Introduced ideas like
Arabic numbers, chemistry,
algebra, telescope
During
the
Middle
Ages,
only
Greek ideas
priests could read & write
After the
Crusades,
learning
increased
& more
people
were
educated
Roman ideas
Islamic ideas
Ideas about
the Bible
Chinese ideas
After
the
Crusades,
people
wanted
Trade
Medieval
led
to thefairs
growth
brought
of cities
High
Middle
Ages—Crusades
more
luxury
goods
&
began
to
trade
iron & salt to the feudal manors;
this was a very rare thing
The failures of the Crusades decreased
Effects
the &Crusades
the power
of theof
Church
Pope
Lords & knights
lost power as
they sold lands
to raise money
to fight the
Crusades
Kings increased
their power &
formed nations
Conclusions
■ The role of religion in the Middle Ages:
–The Roman Catholic Church played an
important role in the lives
of Europeans both before
& after the Middle Ages
–The Crusades failed to
secure Jerusalem from
the Islamic Empire, but
these holy wars increased
cultural diffusion &
helped bring an end to the Middle Ages
Babylonian Captivity
■In 1305 a French pope, Clement V,
was elected
■Clement V decided to move his court
from Rome to Avignon in France
■The papacy became heavily
influenced by the French; only
elected French Cardinals, all new
popes were French
■The papacy remained in Avignon
until 1377
Unrest in the Church
■This time period is known as the
Babylonian Captivity
■This caused much unrest with the
Catholics who were used to the pope
living in Rome
The Great Schism
■In 1377 Pope Gregory XI left Avignon
and returned to Rome
■When he died, Roman mobs forced
the College of Cardinals to elect an
Italian Pope
■The Cardinals later declared that
election invalid, claiming they had
voted under pressure
The Great Schism
■ The Cardinals then elected a second pope who
settled in Avignon
■ The Italian pope refused to resign. Now there were
two popes!!!!!!
■ This controversy became known as the Great Schism
and lasted from 1378 to 1417
The Great Schism
■In 1409 a council met in Italy to unite
the Church behind one pope
■It resulted in the election of a third
pope since neither of the others
would resign
■In 1414 another council met in
Germany and forced the resignation
of all three popes
The Great Schism
■They then elected Pope Martin V,
ending the Great Schism
■The Great Schism weakened the
political power of the Church and
made Europeans feel a greater
loyalty to their monarchs than the
pope
Calls for Reform
■Many people were unhappy with all
the corruption in the Church
■They especially disliked simony, the
practice of selling Church positions
John Wycliffe
■Wycliffe criticized:
–The Church’s wealth
–Corruption among the clergy
–Pope’s claim to absolute authority
■He claimed the sole authority on
religious truth was the Bible
■He translated the Bible from Latin
into English so people could read it
Jan Hus
■Hus and his followers criticized the
corruption in the Church and
translated the Bible into Czech
■Hus was burned at the stake as a
heretic but his followers rallied
around their martyr
■The ideas of Wycliffe and Hus would
influence later reformers
A Revolution in Agriculture
Farming
developments in
1050 brought
about huge
changes in
Europe
Medieval Farm Tools
New Plowing Technology
A new type of plow made deeper cuts in
the ground and pushed the soil sideways
Other Innovations
■ Padded horse collar ■ The three- field
which prevented the system: only plant
death of the horse
crops in two fields
who in medieval
(one with grains, one
times would pull
with
legumes-peas
until he choked
and beans) and
himself to death!
leave one empty;
this allows the soil to
replenish and not be
overused
4
Impact of the Agricultural
Revolution
New farming technologies
iron plow
harness
three-field system
Increase in food production
Four times more than before!
Population explosion
Between 1000 and 1300, the population of
Europe doubled. Trade routes develop.
Reasons:
Results
Population Growth
-Trade routes grew-Silk road
made safer
-Towns and cities grew
Crusades
European demand for
-New practices-credit, checks,
Muslim and Asian goods
return of money
Changes in Medieval Society
-Rise of towns and cities led to
Decline in feudalism
-Serfdom and replaced by
Tenant farming
-Barter economy replaced with
Money economy
and capitalism
-Old social order changes with
Rising middle class
-Competition among merchants led to
Creation of guilds
Trade Fairs and Medieval Cities
■ Trade goods and entertainment
– Closed in the winter  merchants wait for
better weather  growth of towns
 towns grow into cities.
■ Townspeople seek charters or documents that
spell out their right to control their own affairs.
– Serfs who were in towns for a year and a day
could become “free”
– Town Charters=1st constitutions
Commercial Revolution
■ Money reappears as trade increases
■ Merchants need “capital” – money for
investment to help businesses grow and
develop.
■ New methods of doing business
– Partnerships (share responsibility)
– Insurance (pay to keep safe/protect goods)
– Bills of Exchange (checks; no need to carry
gold/money)
Economic and Social Changes
■ Due to Commercial Revolution
– Feudalism weakens with opportunities for
serfs.
– Middle Class develops (Merchants, traders,
and artisans)
– Nobles and Clergy dislike middle class
practice of usury (lending money and
charging interest)
The Development of Guilds
■Merchant guilds/associations
dominate life in medieval towns
–Pass laws, levy taxes, provide for
defense
■Guild members support one another
– they drive out competition and call
for reforms – regulation of work
hours, and product quality & price
control.
Steps to Become a Guild
Member
■ Boys – Trades Girls – Crafts
■ Age 7 – Apprentice – seven years of
learning skills and room & board.
■ Age 14 – Journeyman – salaried worker –
perfect skills and craftsmanship – create
masterpiece
■ Master – member of guild if masterpiece
is accepted.
Life in Medieval Cities
■Most cities are walled with narrow
streets, twisting and turning.
■Tall houses hung out over the streets
making them dark.
■Garbage, refuse, and human waste
were thrown in the streets – filthy,
smelly, noisy, and crowded.
Revival of Learning
■ Growth of universities
■ Vernacular – everyday language becomes common.
More people can read as a result.
– Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy (Italian)
• Imaginary journey into purgatory, hell, and
then to paradise.
– Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales (English)
• Describes a pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas
a Becket.
– Christine de Pisan’s The City of Ladies (French)
• Writes out all social rules for females.
Medieval Philosophy
■ Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica
–Logical argument of religious truths
•Proves the existence of God
–Influenced by Aristotle, combined
Greek thought with Christian thought
■ Aquinas and Scholastics debate many
issues of their time
Growth of Royal Power in
England and France
The High Middle Ages
Monarchs, Nobles and the
Church
■Feudal Monarchs (kings) had limited
power
■Nobles & Church had as much or
more power
–They collected taxes
–Had their own courts
–Fielded their own armies
Rise of Nations
■Except for Charlemagne, kings had very
little power because their lands & power
were transferred to the nobles
■BUT, in 1100s European monarchs (kings)
began to build strong nation-states
■Nation-state is group of people under 1
government, with definite territorial
borders, common culture & language
Rulers used various means to
centralize power
■ Expanded royal domain
■ Set up system of royal justice
■ Organized a gov’t bureaucracy
■ Developed a system of taxes
■ Built a standing army
■ Townspeople supported the royal
rulers who could in turn provide
protection
The Norman Conquest &
Establishing Royal Power in
England
■ Early Middle Ages Angles, Saxons, and
Vikings settled in England
■ 1066 – Anglo-Saxon King Edward died w/o
an heir
■ William of Normandy (French) invaded
England
– Battle of Hastings – William conquered
Harold
■ Bayeux Tapestries tell story of invasion.
William the Conqueror Takes
Control
■ Established feudalism & granted fiefs to his
Norman Lords
– Made vassals swear allegiance to him
■ 1086 – The Domesday Book – census listing
every castle, field, and pigpen in England
– Helped build an efficient system of tax
collection
– Office of Exchequer established by his
successor
•Treasury - to collect taxes, fees, fines
Increasing Royal Authority
■ 1154 – Henry II became king – sent out royal
justices to enforce and interpret laws; their
decisions became English Common Law, or law
that was common for all people
■ Juries – group of 12 men sworn to speak the
truth – determined which cases would be
brought to trial
■ Later the trial jury was founded
Clash with Thomas a Becket
■ Henry II claimed to have jurisdiction of church
courts to try clergy in royal courts
■ Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury (once
a close friend of Henry) opposed the king
■ 1170 – Henry’s knights murdered Becket
– Becket became a martyr and a shrine is
established at Canterbury (later to be named a
saint).
– Written about in Geoffrey Chaucer in the
Canterbury Tales
King John I & The Magna Carta
■Trouble with the nobles because he
lost English territory in France. Fights
with Pope too. England placed under
interdict.
■Heavy taxation of nobility
■1215 – John is forced to sign the
Magna Carta.
Magna Carta
■Significance:
–King is not above the law.
–Establishes rights of nobles.
–Nobles over time form Parliament
•“Have power of the purse”
•“No Taxation without
Representation”
•Protection of the Law
Model Parliament
■ Bicameral (2 houses)
– House of Lords – hereditary –
primogeniture
– House of Commons – knights and upper
middle class people – also hereditary, but
no title.
■ In 1800s, members will be elected.
■ Result: Parliament checks the power of the
king.
France
■KEY IDEA: Instead of creating a
nation-state with strong king then
limiting power of king like England,
France creates a
nation-state with
strong king.
Hugh Capet in France
■987 – Hugh Capet elected king –
increase size of the Capetian
Dynasty. Wins support of Church.
–Built effective bureaucracy
–Successors continue to strengthen
power of king – use middle class
officials – increases town charters.
French Kings & the Church
■ 1226 – Louis IX - religious- and good king –
rules wisely- made a saint in Catholic Church.
■ Philip IV will clash with Pope Boniface VIII –
over who has the power to tax.
– Pope captured by French army, dies shortly
thereafter. New pope moves papal court to
Avignon in France.
– Philip establishes the Estates General
(legislature) in France, but it never had the
same power as the English Parliament.
First Estate—Clergy (Priests)
Second Estate—Nobles
Third Estate—Commoners
•Unlike the British Parliament, the Estates-General
never became a limit on the powers of the
monarchs.
•However, the Estates-General will be at the center
of the French Revolution later on.
The Black
Death
The plague arrives
Historians think that the plague arrived in England during
the summer of 1348. During the following autumn it
spread quickly through the south west. Few villages
escaped. Churchyards were full with bodies.
The plague spread quickly during the winter of 1348-1349
to the north of England. By 1350, nearly the whole of
Britain was infected with the plague.
At the end of 1350 nearly two and a half million people
were dead!
Where did the Black Death come
from?
What were the symptoms of the plague?
How was the plague
transmitted?
We now know that the most common form of the Black
Death was the BUBONIC PLAGUE! This disease was
spread by fleas which lived on the black rat. The fleas
sucked the rat’s blood which contained the plague germs.
When the rat died the fleas jumped on to humans and
passed on the deadly disease.
Cures?
■ Medieval people did not know about
germs causing disease. They did not
understand that plague was spread by
rats and fleas. They thought that
people’s bodies were poisoned.
■ If the swellings burst and the poison
came out people sometimes survived.
It seemed sensible to draw out the
poison.
Lancing a Buboe
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s
Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Here are some of the CRAZY ways
they had to cure the Plague:
■ Bathing in human
■ Chop a snake up
everyday
urine
■ Wearing of human ■ Try to fall asleep on
the left side of the bed
excrement
■
Don't
sleep
during
the
■ Placing dead animals
day
in the home
■ Do not exercise
■ Use of leaches
■ Do not eat any
■ Pomanders
desserts
Medieval Art & the Plague
Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession
with death.
Boccaccio in The Decameron
“The victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their
ancestors.”
Economic Effects of the Black
Death
■The Black Death entered Western
Europe in 1347 and in a few short
years, destroyed one-third of the
Population.
–Fewer people meant fewer people left
to work, buy food, and pay taxes.
–So, food prices rise and workers
demand higher wages.
–Push for laws to limit wages
Economic Results of the Black
Death
■Fields turned over to pasture.
■Peasant rebellions
–Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
■As the population declined, serfs
were given greater rights and
eventually serfdom and with it
Feudalism ended in Western
Europe.
■Recovery in Europe took time.
The Hundred Years War
England
VS.
France
Decline of Feudalism—100 Years War
■Beginning in 1337, England invaded
France to take over lands that
belonged to William the Conqueror
(a Frenchman who ruled England in
1066)
■Began 116 years of turmoil
■But there were major effects of 100
Years War:
New Weapons
■Longbow—6-foot bows that could
fire length of 3 football fields
(replaced feudal fighting technique
of using exclusively knights on
horseback)
■Cannons—used Chinese technology
of gunpowder to shoot 20-inch stone
balls (replaced feudal practice of
relying on castles for protection)
Nationalism
■People looked at the King as a national
leader fighting for the glory of the nationstate
■English people were proud when England
defeated France in battle; French people
were proud when France
defeated
England
in battle
England
France
Joan of Arc
■England & France traded victories for 92
years, but in 1429 a young girl named
Joan of Arc had a vision that she could
lead France to victory
■Under her leadership, France defeated
England
■BUT, Joan was captured & condemned to
die by fire; Joan of Arc is considered a
French hero & religious saint
The Impact of the
Hundred Years’ War
■ Feeling of Nationalism
■ King – national hero fighting for glory of
nation.
■ England’s Parliament emerges from the War
of Roses as dominant.
■ France’s monarch gains power and prestige.
■ Some historians view this event as the end of
the Middle Ages
– Code of Chivalry and Age of Faith end.