Transcript The Rise of Europe

The Rise of Europe
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The Crusades
Medieval Culture
1050-1270ACE
The power of the Kings
Heresy and Reform
The Crusades
Jerusalem
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Holy city to Jews, Christians and Moslems
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Jewish center of culture and religion
Christian city of Christ’s death and resurrection
Moslem site where Mohammad ascended into
heaven
Under Moslem control since 600ACE
Moslems were tolerant
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Jews and Christians were tolerated by
Moslems
Viewed as people of the book
Shared the same ancient stories and
traditions
Pilgrims traveled unmolested to
Jerusalem
Seljuk Turks
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New Islamic group from Central Asia
Took control of Jerusalem in late 1000’s
ACE
Closed the city to pilgrims
Threatened Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Emperor wrote to Pope for help
Pilgrims were reported to be murdered by
Turks
The First Crusade
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1095 Pope Urban II
 Called for Christians to take back the Holy Lands
 Knights and peasants vowed to join
 Promised immediate salvation in heaven if killed
 Knights saw opportunity for land and wealth
 Peasants saw opportunity for freedom from feudalism
 Crusaders sewed red crosses on their backs as a symbol of
their commitment
 Began a long period of persecution of non-Christians in
Europe
 Focus of bigotry was the small Jewish population
 Crusaders killed entire communities
Appeal to Church
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Enabled the papacy to lead a popular
movement
Gave Pope moral leadership of Europe
Peace in Europe
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Pope forbade all warfare between
Christians
Cubed violence
Redirected warriors attention to lands of
the Muslims
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Led by French nobles
Groups met and joined in Constantinople in
1097
Byzantine government had limited goals
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Wanted to recapture the land lost at the Battle of
Manzikret
Frightened by the number of western knights
25,00-30,000
Western Goal - Jerusalem
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1099 conquered Jerusalem and killed most of the Moslem and Jewish
inhabitants
Was a success as far as the west was concerned but set the tone of
slaughter and brutality for the confrontations to follow
Some knights went home others stayed
4 crusader kingdoms established
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County of Edessa(1098-1144)
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Principlaity of Antioch(1098-1268)
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County of Tripoli(1109-1289)
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Kingdom of Jerusalem(1099-1187)
Trade was reestablished and cultural isolation of western Europe ended
Second Crusade
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Seljuk's re-conquered parts of Crusader
states
Pope Eugenius IV called for a Second crusade
King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman
Emperor Conrad III led armies
1147 to 1149
Complete failure because of animosity
between the kings
Third Crusade
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Salidin united Muslims in 1187
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Recaptured Jerusalem
Europe went nuts
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3 kings led crusade 1189-1192
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Fredrick Barbarrossa of Germany
 Died on the way to Palestine-drowned
 Army returned home
Philip Augustus of France
 Quit and went home
Richard I – the Lionheart of England
 Left to fight alone
 Won several battles but lost the war
Other Crusades
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1200’s other unsuccessful Crusades 7 in all
European leaders no longer religiously obsessed
Concentrated on trade and centralization of their own
powers
Turned against Europeans as well
 Albigensian Crusade 1209-1229
 Cathars in France killed in thousands
 Heightened anti-Jewish sentiment
Effects of the Crusade
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Real importance lies in the interaction of
Europe with the cultural advanced east
Broke down feudalism and increased the
power to the kings
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Nobles died in battle without heirs
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Kings got the land
Nobles sold their estates to gain cash and supplies
to go on crusade
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Fewer knights
Serfs allowed to purchase freedom – more skilled
workers and towns grew
Effects
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Greek and Roman classics brought to Europe
New interest in literature and art
Luxury goods were in demand
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Spices for food
Silk
Tapestries
Improved technology as Muslim science and
achievements were learned
New military skills and advanced weaponry
Birth of Commerce
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Agricultural Advances
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New Plows
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More land
Produce more and increased food production
New lands opened up
Germans moved to eastern Europe doubling the size of
their lands
New harness and Yokes
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Horses could be used instead of oxen
Pulled faster
Trade
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Revival of towns cause rapid growth of trade
By sea, road and rivers goods from east and
other towns arrived
Roads were rebuilt and repaired
Venice, Pisa, Genoa controlled the
Mediterranean trade –fur,slaves,timber,cloth
Flanders(Belgium) controlled trade on
northern coast - Wool
Trade fairs
Banking
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Barter first used for trade
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2 chickens for 1 yard of cloth
Luxury goods required cash
Common means of exchange was needed
Money changers
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Frequently Italian or Jewish
Determined value of currencies and exchanged
them
Developed means to transferring funds
Nobles and clergy dependent on them
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Too far in debt
Serfs allowed to purchase freedoms, towns purchased more rights, or Pogroms
Towns
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With decline of warfare and raiding towns
grew
Usually on trade routes
Walled to protect itself from bandits
Shops on ground level homes above
No sanitation and disease a constant problem
1348-1350 Black Death – bubonic plague
carried by rats and fleas killed 1/3 of Europe's
population
Merchants paid lords for charters of their
freedoms(rights) and formed communes
Guilds
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Merchants and artisans formed associations
Merchant guilds formed monopolies on
products
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Uniform pricing
foreign
Craft guilds used for training and quality
control
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Rules of on prices, wages, employment
Masters
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Trained apprentices
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Worked without pay
Journey men
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Worked with pay
Women in urban areas
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Often towns had more women then
men
More opportunity and women could not
inherit
Most industry – textile (women’s work)
Also worked as undertakers and
midwives
Rise of Middle Class
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Wealthy merchants, bankers and
craftsmen
Burgers, bourgeoisie, burgesses
As kings and nobles relied on them for
cash and credit they gained political
power
Town Government
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Exchanged cash for charters
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Charters specified rights of city dwellers
Also spelled out obligations
In Italy cities became independent city
states
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Hindered nation building and left the
country open to invasion
Education
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Most people were illiterate
Clergy were the only educated class
Growth of towns required an educated middle
class
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Needed lawyers
Universities separate from the church began to
evolve
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Roman Classics and Law
Greek philosophy and science
Medieval Scholars
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Peter Abelard
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University of Paris
Wrote Sic et Non showing 2 sides to religious
questions
Thomas Aquinas
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Universities of Paris and Naples
Suma Theologica
Claimed reason was a gift from God and could be
used to find philosophical answers
Medieval Literature
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Songs and Epics of non literate times
collected and written down
Beowulf
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Song of Roland
Romances
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Anglo-Saxon Epic
Tristan and Isolde
King Arthur
Dante-Divine Comedy
Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
Medieval Art
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Seen in Cathedrals
Sculpture
Stained glass
Illuminated manuscripts
The rise of Monarchy
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Norman Invasion of England
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United England under Planteganets
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William
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Henry I
 Edward I
 Henry II- Eleanor of Aquitaine
Kings of England owned more land in
France then in England
Kings of England owned more land in
France then the French King
1066 the Battle of Hastings
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William of Normandy (France)
 Claimed throne of England
 Said the king, Edward the Confessor, and his
cousin had on his deathbed left the throne to him
 Harold the Edward’s son-in-law claimed the throne
 War and the last successful invasion of England
took place..William won
 Gave fiefs of land to his Norman knights and split
them up so no one controlled large blocks of land
Kings power grew under the
Plantagenets
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Henry II 1154-1189
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Established common law
Grand jury set up – charged crimes
Petit jury-ruled on crimes
Invaded Ireland 1171 beginning the Anglo-Irish
conflict
Thomas a Becket
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Arch bishop of Canterbury
Opposed the growing power of Henry over the
church
Murdered by followers of Henry and became a
saint
Richard I – the lion heart
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Spent most of his rule in Middle East and
France
Only in England a total of 6 months
Fought crusades
Taken hostage and his ransom bankrupted
England
John I
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Ruled while Richard was gone
Raised taxes to pay for the crusade and
ransom
Lost land to France
Nobles revolted
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Runnymede 1215 forced John to sign the Magna
Carta (Great Charter)
Beginning of limits on royal power – no taxation
without representation
Henry III
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John’s son
Middle class came into being
Towns grew in power
Townspeople allowed to sit on the
Great Council to advise the king
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Became known as parliament
Forced to allow parliament to meet 3 times
a year
France
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987 Hugh Capet
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Began with a power base of Paris
Expanded
Capetian rulers in power for 300 years
Louis VI (the fat)1108 -1137
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used townspeople to strengthen king
Took power from nobles
Granted self government to towns
Philip II 1180-1223
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Double the size of France – taking land from John of
England
Formed semi permanent royal army loyal to him and
not the lords
Strengthened the power of the curia regis – royal
courts
Louis IX 1125-1270 St. Louis
 Made royal courts dominant over feudal counts
 Only king could mint coins
 Banned warfare between his vassals
Philip IV ( the fair) 1285-1314
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Raised taxes
Taxed the clergy – Rome screamed but
powerless
Called the Estates-General
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Assembly of nobles, clergy and
townspeople
Used them to raise national taxes
Never as powerful as Parliament
The Holy Roman Empire
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Germans controlled
Claimed right to influence election of Popes
Civil wars between German lords kept them
from gaining power
Henry IV
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Quarrel with Pope Gregory VII 1073
Lay investiture
Henry had to back down and beg forgiveness
Concordant of Worms 1122
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Emperor named bishops and gave land
Pope could reject unworthy candidates
100 Years War
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War between France and England
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1328 French king died without heir
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England was defending its land ownership
France was try to reclaim its land
English King claimed the throne
French supported Valois claim
English at first successful due to the use of its
long bow archers
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Battle of Crecy 1346
Battle of Agincourt 1415
Jean d’Arc
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Peasant woman
Claimed God had spoken to her and
demanded she help remove English from
France
1429 went to Chinon and persuaded Charles
heir to thrown to give her his troops
At Orleans she defeated the English
1430 Captured by English and burned as a
witch
French rallied and threw out the English
France
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After defeat of English kings were
powerful
Louis XI united France
Strengthened the bureaucracy
Promoted trade
Limited power of nobles
England
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Civil war
Henry VI died childless
War between York and Tutors
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Tutor family triumphed
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Symbols were the red and white rose
War of the Roses
Henry VII married daughter to the king of
Scotland
Made England strong and united
Spain
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Main problem Islamic control of south
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella
of Castile
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United Christian forces
1492 more important as the year the Muslims
were driven from Spain
Also little recognized explore Christopher
Columbus set sail for India by going west
Inquisition court enforced Catholicism and Jews
and Muslims forced to flee or die
Trouble in the Church
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Weakened by warfare, disease, and rise of
literacy
1300’s papacy came under control of the
French monarchy
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Pope Clement V 1205 moved from Rome to
Avignon to escape civil wars
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Appointed only French Cardinals
Successors all French remained in Avignon until 1377
Called the Babylonian Captivity
Schism
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1377 Pope Gregory XI left Avignon for
Rome
Roman mobs force college of cardinals
to elect an Italian to succeed him
College elected a second Pope that
moved back to Avignon
Church was divided until 1417
Reform
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Calls came from all levels for change
Simony – selling of church positions
Indulgences- pay away sins
John Wycliff
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English
Claimed Bible was sole authority for religious truth
Translated Bible from Latin into English
Support so wide spread he could not be punished
Reform II
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Jan Hus
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Czech
Reforms were against abuses of church and for
Czech control
Moved to eliminate power of German Clergy
1415 called to council of Constance to defend his
views
Burned at the stake as a heretic
Five crusades against the Hussites did not stop
the revolt
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Bennet, J.M. & Hollister, C.W. (2006).
Medieval Europe: A Short History.10th
Edition. Boston. McGraw-Hill