Church Reform and the Crusades
Download
Report
Transcript Church Reform and the Crusades
Chapter 14.1
Trouble Ahead:
The Emperor vs. the Pope
Began with crowning of Charlemagne
Otto I united Germany and part of Italy into Holy
Roman Empire (900’s-1100’s)
Church was not happy with:
German power over Italy
Use of lay investiture: ceremony in which kings and
noble appointed church officials
Use of simony: the selling of positions in the
church
1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
After Gregory banned lay investiture, Henry ordered
him to step down
Gregory then excommunicated Henry
Henry went to Canossa in January 1077 and stood
barefoot in the snow for three days to beg Gregory’s
forgiveness
The showdown didn’t solve anything
1122: Concordat of Worms: compromise saying Church
could appoint Bishops but emperor could veto
Reform
Church was reorganized
to resemble a kingdom
with pope at the top
Church enforced laws
against simony and
marriage of priests
Pope Gregory
VII
New Religious Orders
Dominicans
Franciscans
Benedictines
Importance of helping
poor and sick
These orders included
women and men
Saint Francis of Assisi
Cathedrals
Gothic- new style of
architecture during
Middle Ages
Stained glass windows
often told stories for
illiterate peasants
Chartres (Cathedral of
Notre-Dame)
Warm Up
What were the three main
problems that the Church
wanted to reform?
Answers
Lay investiture- process of nobles
and kings appointing church
officials
Simony- selling church positions
Marriage of priests- this was
against the beliefs of the Church
Crusades
Pope Urban II issued a call for the Crusades (holy war)
to gain control of the Holy Land
Goals of Crusades
Reclaim Holy Land and reunite Christendom
Keep arguing knights busy
Younger sons who did not inherit property could gain
position in society, adventure, or riches
Merchants loaned money to finance the Crusades
First
Crusade
Large outpouring
of support from all
Christians
Knights were illprepared and
argued over a
leader
Captured
Jerusalem and won
narrow strip of
land
Second Crusade
To win back Edessa from
the Turks
European army was
defeated
Jerusalem was taken by
Saladin, a Kurdish leader
Third Crusade
Philip II of France
argued with Richard
and went home
Frederick I drowned
on the journey
Richard the
Lionhearted battled
with Saladin and
eventually agreed to a
truce
Crusading Spirit Dwindles
In 1204 the Fourth
Crusade to recapture
Jerusalem fails because
knights are too busy
looting Constantinople
Children’s Crusade: In two
separate movements,
50,000 children died from
cold, starvation, or
drowning or were sold
into slavery
Spanish Crusade
Reconquista:
effort of Spanish
to drive Muslim
Moors out of
Spain
Succeeded under
Isabella and
Ferdinand in late
1400’s.
• Isabella and Ferdinand
used the Inquisition
(Court held by Church
to suppress heretics)
to unify country and
increase power
• Many Muslims and
Jews converted but
were still tried for
heresy and burned at
the stake
Effects of Crusades
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Increased trading between Europe and Southwest
Asia
Role of women expanded to run estates or businesses
after men left for war
Power of Pope lessened
Power of feudal lords lessened and power of kings
increased
Persecution of Muslims and Jews caused legacy of
hatred and bitterness
Energy of Crusades also led to expansion of trade,
towns, and universities across medieval Europe