Transcript The High Middle Agesx

1000-1300 CE
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Would you consider the High Middle Ages to be a
time of continuity or of change? Why?
How did the decline of feudalism and
manorialism change European society?
What type of impact did European wars/conflics
(100 Years’ War; Crusades; Investiture
Controversy) have on society and culture?
What were some challenges the Church faced?
Why?
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Franciscans
Dominicans
Provide an example of self-sacrifice in the
name of other religions we have studied.
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Preserved the classics
Worth within society:
◦ Education
◦ Hospitals
◦ Food for the Needy
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Helped govern, and had influence/power over
Western European monarchs.
Cannon Law
Harsh punishments for violating Church laws
(heresy, inquisition)
Corrupt practices
◦ Simony
◦ Usury
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Secular officials (emperors/kings) could grant
one a Church title.
Kings begin choosing bishops instead of the
Church.
Why might this create tension between a
monarch and a Church official?
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Lay Investiture Controversy (1075-1077)
◦ Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture
◦ Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) refuses to stop the
practice
◦ Henry IV excommunicated
◦ Henry IV begs pope to forgive him…
◦ But…
◦ All is not yet resolved…
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Compromise over lay investiture
◦ Emperor may nominate Bishops and grant land but
Church alone could appoint Bishop
◦ Pope could reject unworthy candidates
◦ Emperor could veto Pope’s choice
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John Wycliffe
◦ English translation of Bible
◦ No wealth for clergy
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John Hus (Hussites)
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Bohemia
Bible authority higher than Pope
Excommunicated
Burnt at the stake
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Dispute over election of Popes
Resulted in two Popes, one in Avignon and
one in Rome.
How did this cause the Church to weaken?
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Crusades-inspired trade
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New Agricultural Technology
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Heavy (Iron) Plow – cut deeper into the soil and
produced better harvests
Horses replaced oxen teams for plowing – able to clear
more land, grow more crops
Three field system – immediate increase in harvest – 2
planted, 1 fallow
Increased food supply; First major population
increase since the collapse of the Roman
Empire.
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Guilds
Master, Journeyman, Apprentice
Trade Fairs
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Creation of a new group of people: the middle class
(merchants, bankers)
Rise of money economy: more practical ways to trade
goods; moneychangers exchange currencies; begins
to replace feudal services. – Development of the
Commercial Revolution.
Trade was the key to a town’s growth and survival.
(best location)
Sanitation was a major problem. Trash and waste was
thrown out doors or windows. Dramatic increase in
diseases.
1347-1351
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Not quite known exact origins or nature of
disease, even today – Central Asia? Mongols?
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Bubonic plague / anthrax combination?
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Thought to be spread by rats & fleas
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Caused the death of 33% to 50% of Europe
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How did Europeans react to the Black Death?
What are some ways they tried to end the
spread of it?
How do you think people would react to a
worldwide plague today?
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Angles and Saxons
1066 Battle of Hastings
Harold-Anglo-Saxon noble;
claimed throne
William the Conqueror-Duke of
Normandy; from France; claimed throne
Took crown by force, defeating Harold
Domesday Book
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Establishment of Common Law
Magna Carta-limited king’s power;
establishment of parliament
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King must obey laws
King could not limit church
Great Council must meet to tax
Trial prior to imprisonment
Jury of peers
Speedy trial
How did these changes influence the development of
later governments?
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Crusades: A military expedition to “rescue”
the Holy Land from the Muslims.
FIRST CRUSADE: Pope Urban II asked for a
volunteer army in 1095; promised immediate
salvation in heaven if they were killed.
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Pope – increase his power; reunite the church
Knights – win glory in battle, gain riches/ land/ title,
“Fight”, adventure, remission of sins
Peasants – freedom from feudal bonds; immediate
salvation in heaven if they were killed freeing the
Holy Land from the non-Christians
Merchants – win control of trade & money
30,000 people left Western Europe from 1096-1099
and conquered Jerusalem in June 1099.
Most Muslims and Jews were slaughtered.
Jerusalem would be captured 50 years later by
Muslims. Nine more Crusades would be taken but
none were successful.
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Failed to take long term control of Holy Lands
decline of papal prestige
decline in the power of the nobles;
Breakdown of feudal aristocracy
increase in religious intolerance
increase in trade! (goods from far east,
learning, technology) Expanded trade routes,
markets
Intellectual Development- Eastern learning
(Aristotle, Plato)
Voyages of Discovery
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Christians reclaim territory occupied by
Moors (Spanish Muslims)
Castile, Aragon, and Portugal
unite to defeat Moors
(Spanish Muslims)
Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand
unites Castile and Aragon
Spanish Inquisition
Spain becomes powerful
European kingdom
Causes
 Dispute over French
territory claimed by
English King
Effects
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Joan of Arc
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Calais only territory
retained by England
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Longbow and cannon
weakened feudalism
Castles no longer
invincible
Parliament temporarily
gains power
English nationalism
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Lancasters (red rose) v. Yorks (white rose)
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War over English throne
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Henry VII-wife was a York,
he was a blood relative of Lancasters;
began the Tudor Dynasty
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Primarily religious
Gothic Architecture
Stained glass; illumination; tapestries
Literature-religious texts, epics, romances,
troubadours
Vernacular Literature-Chaucer
(Canterbury Tales) and Alighieri
(Divine Comedy)
Alchemy
Universities
Scholasticism-Saint Thomas Aquinas
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Identify three Continuities and Changes for
each.
Religion
Economy
Society
Government/Politics
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Black Death
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXD
ZQ&list=PL56691C2FB74B5A40&index=6
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Battle of Hastings
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gR
e_Dw&list=PL56691C2FB74B5A40