Transcript The Rise of Nations The Late Middle Ages

THE RISE OF NATIONS
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
Chapter 14 Formation of Western Europe
This PowerPoint is in Teacher-Public, SocSci – Veers
– Western Civ Regular – Topics & Chapter – High
Late Middle Ages
PROBLEMS OF THE CHURCH C. 1100
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During the Middle Ages the Church was the most powerful
institution in Europe, but it was flawed.
 Priests married and had children even though by
tradition they were supposed to be celibate
 Many priests were illiterate
 Simony was practiced, which means that church
positions were sold by bishops
 Lay investiture meant that bishops were being named by
kings instead of by the church
 Bishops more concerned w/feudal obligations than
religious ones
 Popes, as well as the rest of the clergy, had questionable
morals.
EFFORTS AT REFORM
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Reform efforts began @ the monastery at Cluny where
they strictly followed the teachings and rules of the
Church—the church followed Cluny’s example:
 Addition of the Papal Curia, enforces Canon Law
 Church diplomats are sent to further Church’s
agenda and presence
 The Church collected a 10% tax which called the tithe
which supported the poor and needy
 Lay investiture, simony and clerical marriage are
banned
 Reforming popes are elected to head the Church
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL DURING THE AGE OF FAITH
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The Cathedral style changed …
Romanesque, dark, heavy, rounded arches
Gothic style with pointed arches, flying buttresses and bright stainedglass windows, meant to represent the splendor of the city of God.
 New religious orders were created, the friars, traveling monks
Franciscans, St. Francis of Assisi, focus on nature and animals
Dominicans, St. Dominic, focus on learning and academics
Notable women of these religious orders were Clares, founder of the
Poor Clares and Hildedgard von Bingen
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The Crusades to Palestine(Holy Land) and in the Iberian Peninsula
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS – REVIVAL OF RELIGIOUS FERVOR
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Arches became tall and
pointed
Cathedrals soared to
over 100 feet
Height aided by flying
buttresses (external
supports)
Walls, instead of dark,
heavy stone were filled
with stain glass
windows
Windows helped in
relating biblical stories
and religious teachings
REIMS CATHEDRAL – FRANCE
CHEVET CATHÉDRALE REIMS
THE CRUSADES
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The Crusades were the series of holy wars launched
to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
 Pope Urban II asked Christians to fight the holy
war and he told people that if they died fighting
that they would go to heaven
 The pope hoped for the reunification of
Christianity also
 The Crusades ultimately failed. The Holy Land
was not regained.
WHO FOUGHT IN THE CRUSADES?
The men who fought the Crusades were
mainly knights and the younger sons of
nobles
 They fought for both religious reasons (to
gain salvation) and for economic reasons (to
gain wealth/land).
 Some peasants and commoners also sought
salvation by going on Crusade
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BREAKDOWN OF THE KEY CRUSADE S
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Fought to regain control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land
from the Muslims
 FAILED
First - By 1099 crusades captured Jerusalem and a thin
strip of territory
Second – 1147 -1149 Came home in defeat
Third – Ended with treaty between Richard I of
England and Saladin
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Palestine remained in Muslim control, Christian were free to
pilgrimage there and worship
Fourth – 1189-1194 Crusaders ransacked and looted
Constantinople, weakening it, the city falls to the Turks
(Muslims) in 1453
THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
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Feudal nobility weakened
many knights and nobles
died and lost their lands when on Crusade
Power of the kings increased
Power of the Pope decreased
with the failure to regain
the Holy Land
They stimulated
trade between Europe and Southwest
Asia
They left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between
Muslims, Christians, and Jews
THE RECONQUISTA
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The reconquista=reconquering in Spanish
 The
long effort to drive the Muslims, called
Moors, out of Spain = Iberian Peninsula
 It was finally achieved by the monarchs
Ferdinand and his wife Isabella - 1492
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The Spanish Inquisition
 This
Church organized group cruelly drove out
heretics, Muslims and Jews from Spain
Al-Andalus is the caliphate of the Muslim Umayyad’s
Castillanes & Aragonaises = House of Castille & House of Aragon
TRADE, TOWNS, AND FINANCIAL REVOLUTION
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Between 1000 and 1300 agriculture, trade, and finance made
remarkable gains due to an agricultural revolution and
increased trade from the Crusades
The food supply increased
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Cities and towns grew
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Warmer climate
Use of harness on horses which made plowing easier
Use of three-field system which allowed farmers to use 2/3 of
their land at any given time
As trade increased people went to towns to buy and sell products
Craft Guilds were formed
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Associations of people in the same occupation
Guilds controlled prices, quality, working conditions
Only masters could join guilds; to become a master one had to be
an apprentice and then a journeyman
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
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A financial revolution occurred due to increased trade
Trade routes spread across Europe as self-sufficient manors
declined
Fairs, held several times per year were key places of
consumerism
 Trade increased the need for large amounts of cash
 Merchants had to borrow money to buy goods so they
could sell them and make a profit
 Need for cash led to the loan industry, letters of credit
and banking
 Lending and banking was done by Jews because the
Catholic church outlawed usury, which is lending money
and charging interest
CITIES AND TOWNS - REURBANIZATION
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People moved to cities and towns to pursue greater economic
opportunities
Serfs ran away from manors
 This happened so often that a law was passed which allowed
them to be free if they lived in a town for a year and a day
Towns developed quickly and haphazardly
 Narrow streets
 Animals and waste all over the place
 Small homes made of wood—MAJOR fire hazard
 No clean water supply so people didn’t bathe very often
Burghers were the townspeople who eventually fought the feudal
lords for control of the local economies and governments
A new middle class had emerged due to the growth of trade and
cities
LEARNING AND EDUCATION INCREASED
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Muslim and Jews key to the advancement of learning in Europe
Europe was introduced to ancient Greek texts through trade with
the Byzantine and Muslim world
Church scholars used Jewish and Muslim scholars to help them
translate texts into Latin
Europe was introduced to knowledge in science, philosophy, law
and mathematics as well as Muslim ideas on ships, navigation, and
weapons
Medieval universities were established
 Universities were initially just groups of scholars who met to
study, discuss, teach, and learn together
Most scholars used Latin but some began to use the everyday
language, called vernacular
 Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian
 Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English
 Christine de Pisan wrote the City of Ladies
CHRISTIAN SCHOLARSHIP
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Thomas Aquinas used Aristotle’s reasoning to argue the
validity of Christian beliefs
Wrote the Summa Theologica – reconciling religion and
reason
The Scholastics
 Christian scholars who met at universities
 Their teachings on law and government influenced
Europeans
 Especially the English and French who began to
develop democratic traditions
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP NATION-STATES
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As kingdoms of England and France developed into
nations, democratic institutions evolved.
The Feudal system broke down as serfs fled the manors
for cities
Burghers gained power from feudal lords
Villages, towns, and cities became more populated
Taxes from towns and cities helped to increase the king’s
power
ENGLAND BECAME UNITED
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Alfred the Great (871-899) united England and defeated the
Vikings
 England = Land of the Angles
 Infant stage of a national identity
In 1016 the Danish King Canute conquered England and
Anglo-Saxons and Vikings mixed to create one people and
one English culture
1066 Edward the Confessor, king of England dies w/out an
heir.
THE NORMAN INVASION
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The Normans were the descendents of the Vikings
 Normandy is part of France
 Normans are French in culture and language
William the Conqueror (a Norman) was the cousin of the
King of England, Edward the Confessor, who died
William believed he should inherit the English throne
and waged war on the Anglo-Saxons
 1066: William defeats the English at the Battle of
Hastings and becomes King of England
 Claims all land his own and introduces feudalism
 Creates foundation of centralized government
 Calls for a census of his lands, the Domesday Book
HENRY II AND COMMON LAW
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Henry II descendent of William the Conqueror who controlled land
in both England and France
 Married Eleanor of Aquitaine (in France) which added more
French land to his territory
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Henry sent royal judges out to settle cases, collect taxes, and
punish crimes
 Henry introduced the use of juries (trial by peers, not just one
judge)
Effect of Henry’s Actions
 The unified body of law which came from centuries of English
court rulings was called Common Law
 Basis of law in most English-speaking countries
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He was the King of England but he was also a vassal of the King of France
because he governed land in France
HENRY II’S HEIRS
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King Richard the Lionhearted
 Left England to fight in the 3rd Crusade
 Made a truce with Muslim leader, Saladin
King John, Richard’s younger brother, took the throne after
Richard’s death
 was a poor military leader and lost the English holdings
in France
 Was cruel and selfish
 Overtaxed his nobles and subjects
 Alienated the Church
THE MAGNA CARTA
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John’s revolted in response to his poor rule
The nobles force John to sign the Magna Carta in
1215
The Magna Carta = the Great Charter
 First document of democracy
 Guaranteed certain political rights for the nobles,
but eventually guaranteed the rights for everyone
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 No
taxation without representation
 Right to trial by jury
 Equal protection under the law
 Freedom of the Church in England
THE PARLIAMENT IS BORN
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The Parliament – legislative body of England
 Council
called to advise the king, especially
concerning the collection of taxes
 First met in 1295 when Edward I called the
burgesses, knights, nobles, and the clergy
 Proved to be a check on royal power
 Two Houses in Parliament
 The
House of Lords: nobles and clergy
 The House of Commons: non-nobles, burgesses, and
knights
FRANCE AND THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY
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Hugh Capet is the founder of the Capetian dynasty
 Followed the last Carolingian king (Charlemagne’s dynasty)
Capet’s Territory
 Small but had the important trade city of Paris
 Hugh, his son, and his grandson spread their power and
territory
Phillip II
 Ruled from 1180-1223
 Greatly expanded the Capetian territory and strengthened
central authority
 Took land from King John of England
 First French king to be more powerful than his vassals
 Created position of baliff to preside over courts and collect
taxes
LOUIS IX AND PHILIP IV
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Louis IX was the grandson of Hugh Capet
Made the French monarchy even stronger during his reign
 Created the royal court of appeals which could overturn
local rulings
 This strengthened the monarchy’s power while weakening
the power of local nobles
Philip IV ruled 1285 – 1314
Fought with pope of taxation of priests
Needed support from all social classes, called together
representatives from each – the Estates
THE FRENCH ESTATES-GENERAL
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The Estates-General is the council in France called
to gain support for the king’s policies
All three first called by Philip IV
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The First Estate: made up of the clergy
The Second Estate: made up of the nobles
The Third Estate: made up of commoners
When all three meet it is a meeting of the Estates-General
ENGLAND’S PARLIAMENT
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Provided a check on royal
power – weakens the
monarchy
Representative body made
up of burgesses, knights,
lords and clergy
House of Lords
 House of Commons
Backed by MAGNA CARTA,
which provided legal rights
to citizens
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FRANCE’S ESTATES-GENERAL
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Weak, strengthens the
monarchy
Representative body made
up of the three estates
(social classes)
First Estate – clergy
 Second Estate – nobility
 Third Estate – commoners
No legal document exists to
provide rights to citizens
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Court Systems
ENGLAND
FRANCE
Royal justices traveled & settled cases
Baliffs acted as royal judges
Juries of peers used
Appeals court at the royal level
Development of Common Law
COMPARISON ENGLISH & FRENCH MEDIEVAL GOVERNMENT
TURMOIL IN THE CHURCH-TWO POPES
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Philip IV of France actions lead to the Avignon Papacy –
pope moved from Rome to Avignon
Eventually, circumstances led to two popes being elected,
an Italian in Rome and a French pope in Avignon
The Great Schism took place in the 1300s when two men
claimed to be the pope
 Clement VII in Avignon, France
 Urban VI in Rome, Italy
Council of Pisa attempted to end the split, result was three
popes
A new pope was chosen, Martin V, at the Council of
Constance in 1417 and the Schism ended
TURMOIL IN THE CHURCH
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Scholarly Challenges
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John Wycliffe of England
Believed that Jesus, not the Pope, was the head of the Church
 Believed the Church should hold no land or wealth
 Teachings inspired a translation of the Bible in English
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Jan Hus of Bohemia
Believed the Bible was a higher authority than the Pope
 Same teachings as Wycliffe, was excommunicated
 Was tried as a heretic and was burned at the stake
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THE BLACK DEATH
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The Bubonic Plague killed about 1/3-1/2 of Europe’s
population
 Infected the lymphatic system causing black boils to
erupt on the body.
 Many died within days, others within hours.
 Started in Asia and spread from east to west with the
trade routes (carried by infected fleas on rats).
 Hit the Muslim world before entering Europe (Italy,
France, Germany, England, etc.).
 Many thought it was God’s punishment for sin.
 Others blamed the Jews and claimed they were
poisoning wells
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE
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Town populations fell (decreased)
Trade decreased
Prices of goods rose because goods were scarce
Demand for higher wages
Farms were abandoned, fields reclaimed by nature
The manor system declined
Serfs revolted and fled the manors
THE PLAGUE’S EFFECTS ON THE PEOPLE
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People became more pessimistic about life
Tore apart communities and families, social fabric collapsed
Persecutions of Jews, either forced from their communities
or were massacred
Art and literature of the time reflected the people’s
awareness of death
People became self-indulgent
 They figured if they were going to
die, they might as well enjoy
themselves while they’re alive
THE EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE ON THE CHURCH
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The Church lost prestige  No one was safe as the image below shows
when the clergy’s prayers
to end the plague didn’t
work
The clergy abandoned the
people because they
didn’t want to get the
plague
 Priests refused to say
masses or give last rites
(a sacrament) to those
suffering from the
plague
FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRY
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The Hundred Years’ War
 Took place from 1337-1453
 Fighting between England and France over claim to
the French throne and land
 Edward III of England claimed the throne of France
 Edward was the grandson of Philip IV and declared
war on France
 Most fighting took place in France
 France won and the English lost all French land except
for Calais (a port city)
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Though the French won the Hundred
Years’ War the English archers
proved very successful with their
longbows
 Longbows shot repeatedly
creating waves of devastating
arrows
 Longbow arrows could pierce
armor and unseat a knight
 Took away the advantage of the
mounted knights
ENGLAND'S NEW WEAPON
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French teenager who led the French to
victory at the Battle of Orleans
Joan encouraged and led the French
prince, called the dauphin, Charles VII
to be crowned king even though the
English king Charles V was set to take
the throne
Joan was captured in 1430 and tried as
a heretic
 Claimed she heard the voices of
God and the saints
 Was burned at the stake in 1431 but
was later made a saint
JOAN OF ARC AND FRANCE
RESULTS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
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France won and England maintained only the
port city of Calais in France
The French monarchy increased in power and
prestige
The French and the English developed
nationalism
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They developed pride in their country and no longer
viewed their Kings as feudal lords, but as national leaders
who were fighting for the glory of their countries
The English Parliament was strengthened
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English kings depended on Parliament to raise taxes
needed to support the war
THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
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Intense religious devotion
crumbled
 The Great Schism, failure of
the Crusades and the
devastation of the Black
Death posed serious
challenges to the Church’s
authority
 The church was wealthy and
sometimes corrupt while
those they ministered to
were poor
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Kings become more powerful
Chivalrous code crumbled
 Knights became obsolete
during the Hundred
Years’ War
 Development of the
longbows
Feudalism began to collapse
Rise of cities & a powerful,
wealthy middle-class
Education increases as well as
challenges to authority