Transcript Chapter 10, Lesson 3 Kingdoms and Crusades

Chapter 10, Lesson 3
Kingdoms and Crusades
It Matters Because:
The development of law and government during the
Middle Ages still affects us today.
Royal Power in England
• In late 800s, Viking raids nearly destroyed Anglo-Saxons
• Island of Britain had many small kingdoms
• Alfred, King of Wessex united people to end Viking raids
• Alfred the Great’s united kingdom was called Angleland, soon England
• 1066, last Anglo-Saxon King of England dies without an heir
• In struggle for the throne, William of Normandy defeats Harold Godwinson at
Battle of Hastings
• Wm becomes King, known as William the Conqueror
• To stop Anglo-Saxon rebellions, Wm took land and gave it to his own knights
• Wm takes first census since ancient Rome in a record called the Domesday Book
Henry II
• English king, 1154-1189
• Ruled England, Ireland, most of Wales
• Was also a feudal lord of parts of Scotland and France
• Set up royal court and circuit courts throughout his
kingdom
• Established trials by grand jury and trial jury
• Henry’s son, John, was forced to sign the Magna Carta
Magna Carta and Parliament
• John became king in 1199 when his brother, Richard the Lionheart, died
• Raised taxes and punished enemies without jury trials
• Nobles rebelled against John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Latin for “Great
Charter”)
• Placed limits on king’s power to tax, and guaranteed freemen many rights
• King must share authority with council of nobles known as the Great Council
• Magna Carta strengthened idea that people have rights and power of government
should be limited
• Under Edward I (“Longshanks”), in late 1200s, Great Council gained power and
became known as Parliament
• Magna Carta inspired many future documents, including the American Declaration of
Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights
Monarchy in France
• After the death of Charlemagne, his empire was split in three parts
• Far western section known as France
• Early French kings controlled only Paris and surrounding area
• King Phillip II fought wars with the English to gain control of French-speaking
territories on the continent
• Another King, Phillip IV, received permission from the Estates General
to raise taxes to fund war
• Estates General is similar to British Parliament, though was never as
powerful
European Crusaders
• During the 1000s, the Byzantines were attacked by the Muslim Turks
• The Turks defeated the Byzantines and seized Byzantine land in Asia Minor
• Byzantine Emperor asked Pope to send an army to save his Christian
empire
• Pope agreed, and hoped the Byzantine church would reunite with Catholic
Church
• Pope urged European nobles to begin a “crusade” (holy war) against the
Muslim Turks
• Pope wanted European Christians to take back Jerusalem and the rest of
the “Holy Land”
The Crusades
• Thousands of European crusaders on horseback and on foot
marched east on the First Crusade
• They reached Jerusalem in 1099
• Crusaders conquered several Muslim kingdoms and controlled many states
in Asia
• The Second Crusade was fought in the 1170s, when Muslim invaders
retook Jerusalem
• Muslims were led by brilliant general Saladin
• During the Third Crusade of the 1200s, the Muslims recaptured their
lost territory
The Effects of the Crusades
• Soldiers and Kings returning from the Crusades brought knowledge
back with them
• Architecture: domes and mosaics
• Navigation: better ships, more accurate maps, and how to use the compass
• Wealthy Europeans began to demand eastern spices, sugar, lemons, silk
• Crusades weakened feudalism and strengthened power of kings
• 200 years of war led to anger and mistrust between Christianity and
Islam that exists today