Transcript The First Crusade

The Crusades
AD 1095-1290s
Periods of Byzantine Empire
Islamic expansion
Questions:
• What happened to the Byzantine Empire
over time?
• What or who was the cause of this
change?
• What is imperialism? In this situation, who
acted imperialistically?
• Background:
The First Crusade
– Causes:
• Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help
• Byzantine empire was besieged by Muslim armies
– Byzantine empire lost half its land to Muslim armies by 1071
• Holy Land closed to Christian pilgrims by Islamic empire
• Free eastern Christians from Muslim empire
• Keep Europe Christian
• Pilgrim: person who goes on a religious journey
CRUSADES
– Definition:
• Crusades: Holy War
– The Two Sides:
• Christians from Europe
• Muslim Turks from Middle East
– Who were the European fighters?
• Lords and knights
– Why did Europeans want to fight?
• Duty/Faith
• Wealth
• Defeat Muslims
The First Crusade
• Pope Urban II called for 1st
Crusade at Council of Clermont
in 1095
– Impassioned speech demonstrating
atrocities committed against Christians
in Palestine.
• Between 1095-1096 Urban II
preached this message and had
all religious do the same.
– Volunteers would vow to visit Church
of Holy Sepulchre and were given a
cross to sew onto clothes.
– Crusaders were divided into four
armies: northern and southern France,
Germany and S Italy
Pope Urban II preaches at
Council of Clermont
The First Crusade
• Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade:
– People’s Crusade: 1096
• Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with
some knights.
• Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were
massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks.
• Main Crusader Armies:
– Left Europe in Aug 1096.
– Gathered in Constantinople in Nov.
– 30-35,000 crusaders
The First Crusade
• Siege of Jerusalem 1099
– 7 June Crusaders reached Jerusalem, many wept.
– Only about 12000 crusaders remained.
– Before attacking the city, they marched barefoot in
religious procession around the walls, with Peter the
Hermit at their head. Then came the grand assault.
Assault of Jerusalem
– Initial assault on city failed
– Final assault began on 13 July.
– By 15 July Crusaders entered Jerusalem. Godfrey of
Bouillon and Tancred were among the first to mount
the ramparts.
– Crusaders massacred about 40,000? Muslims and
Jews,
– Kingdom of Jerusalem was established on 22 July
• Baldwin of Edessa, first to take title King of
Jerusalem
– Other Crusader states formed.
The First Crusade
• Capture of Jerusalem
Aftermath
• Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived.
– Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem
• The 1st Crusade would be the only
victory for the European Christian
armies.
• Succeeding crusades failed to win any
territory
The Crusades Conclusion
• At Least 8 Crusades
• Effects of Crusades:
– Increased dislike among Jews, Christians
and Muslims
– Pope and lords lost power
– Kings gained Power
– Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn
– Interest in exploration