Transcript growth of royal power in england & france

GROWTH OF ROYAL POWER
IN ENGLAND & FRANCE
BY: TA’VIA CREWS
Monarchs, Nobles and the Church
• Feudal monarchs in Europe stood at the
head of society, but had limited power.
• Monarch used various means to centralize
power. They expanded royal domain and
set up system of royal justice that
undermined feudal or church courts.
• They organized a government
bureaucracy, developed a system of
taxes, and built a standing army.
Strong Monarchs in England
• During the early Middle Ages, Angles, Saxon ,
and Vikings invaded and settle in England.
• In the 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king Edward died
without an heir. A council of nobles close
Edward’s brother-in-law Harold to rule
• There were a lot of stuff he had to do like a
Norman request, Growth of royal power, A
Unified Legal Systems, and Conflict with the
church.
Evolving Tradition of English
Government
• Henry’s son John was a clever, greedy,
cruel, and untrustworthy ruler. During his
reign, he faced three powerful enemies:
King Phillip the second, Pope Innocent the
three, and his English nobles.
• Ever since Williams the Conqueror,
Norman rulers of England had held vast
lands in France.In 1205, John suffered a
amjor setback when he lost awar with
Phillip the second.
Successful
Monarchs in
France
In 987, these feudal
nobles elected Hugh
Capet,, the court of
Paris, to fill the vacant
throne.
Hugh and his heirs
slowly increased royal
power.
During the struggle with
the pope, Phillip rallied
French support by
settling up the Estates
General in 1302.
The High Middle Ages
Group 6
Chapter 9
Ta'via, Brandi, Alaina, Erin &
Gianna
The Holy Roman Empire and the
Church.
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Like Charlemagne Otto
worked closely with the
church.
He Took His army into
Italy to help the Pope
defeat rebellious Roman
nobles.
In 962, a grateful pope
crowned Otto emperor.
Later his successors
took the title “Holy
Roman Emperor”.
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Conflict Between Popes
Emperors
Many admired Pope Gregory VII, but he aroused
more hatred of any other pope of his time.
Gregory wanted to make the church independent
of secular rulers.
He banned the practice of lay investiture-(creation
of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the
clergy)
Henry IV was outraged by the Popes new rules.
The two men continued to exchange insulting
notes.
Henry was excommunicated by Gregory in 1076.
In 1076 Henry confessed his sins and Gregory was
forced to lift the order of excommunication
In 1133 both sides accepted a treaty known as
Concordat of Worms.
The Struggle for Italy
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Fredrick Barbossa also called
“Red Beard”.
Barbossa fought for years to
build the empire of Baltic to
Adriatic.
But was defeated by the pope
in Lombard League.
He did succeed in marring his
son Henry to Constance,
heiress to Sicily and Southern
Italy.
Frederick II child of Henry and
Constance.
Was an arrogant leader willing
to use any means to achieve
his ends.
The Struggle for Italy (cont.)
• While Frederick was in Italy German
nobles grew more independent.
• The Holy Roman empire remained
fragmented into many feudal states.
• German people had to pay high taxes.
• The popes over thrown Fredrick’s heirs.
• This uprising led to chaos in in Sicily for
200 years.
The Height of Church Power
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Pope innocent III took
office in 1198.
Innocent clashed with all
of the other powerful
rulers.
He excommunicated
France when Phillip II
tried to unlawfully annul
his marriage.
In 1209 Innocent and
Phillip II launched a
brutal crusade against the
Albigensians.
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During Europe’s Middle Ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant
new civilization that stretched from Spain to India. Although
India was politically divided, it was a land of thriving cities. Hindu
and Buddhist traditions flourished, and wealthy prices built
stunning temples and palaces. Indian mathematicians invented
a number system, which Arabs adapted and eventually passed
to Europeans. China had a strong central government. Under
the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinas culture flourished and
influenced neighboring peoples. The Chinese made amazing
advances in technology, inventing paper, printing, and gun
powder. Merchants traded goods, especially gold, across the
Sahara to North America and Middle East. Across the Atlantic,
in the Americas the Mayas had cleared rain forests and built
cities. In Peru, Native Americans were building empires and
creating great works of art, like pottery, textiles and jewelry.
Closer to Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire was generally
prosperous and united.
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By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land. Many
knights hoped to win wealth and land.
• After a long, bloody campaign, Christian knights captured Jerusalem in
1099.
• The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years.
• By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader Salah al-Din,
known to Europeans as Saladin.
• On the Third Crusade, Europeans tried but failed to retake Jerusalem. After
negotiations, Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims.
• During the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders were diverted from fighting
Muslims to fighting Christians.
• After helping Venetian merchants defeat their Byzantine trade rivals in
1204, crusaders captured and looted Constantinople.
• By 1291, they captured the last Christian outpost, the port city of Acre.
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The Crusades left a bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them.
In Europe, crusaders sometimes turned their religious fury against Jews, massacring
entire communities.
• The Crusades had a big effect on Europe, the wars helped to quicken the pace of
changes already underway.
Economic Expansion
• The Crusades increased trade
• Crusades introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East to Europe.
• To finance a journey to the Holy Land, nobles needed money. They allowed peasants
to pay rents in money than in grain or labor, which helped undermine serfdom.
Increased Power for Monarchs
• The Crusades helped to increase the power of feudal monarchs.
• Rulers won new rights to levy, or collect, taxes in order to support the Crusades.
The Church
• Popes were soon involved in bitter clashes with feudal monarchs.
• A Wider Worldview
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- Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to realize that millions of people
lived in regions they have never known existed.
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Christian Advances
• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel the Muslims began in 700s.
• Their first success did not come until 1085, when they recaptured the city of Toledo.
• During the next 200 years, Christian forces pushed slowly and steadily southward.
Ferdinand and Isabella
• The two monarchs made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada.
• In 1492, Granada fell. The Reconquista was complete.
• They tried to impose unity on their diverse peoples.
• Isabella was determined to bring religious as well as political unity to Spain.
• Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived there in relative peace.
• Isabella launched a brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims.
• The queen achieved religious unity but at a high price, more than 150,000 people fled
Spain.
Alaina Stewart
Chapter 9, Section. 4
Learning, Literature, and
Arts Expert
Introducing the chapter
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By the 100s, Europe started to experience
dynamic changes.
People weren’t any longer distracted with
daily struggles to survive.
Agricultural improvements created a steadier
food supply.
From trade and the growth of towns restored
were signs of increased prosperity.
Few people gained wealth in medieval Europe.
Towns contributed an important spark that
ignited the cultural flowering of the High
Middle Ages.
Medieval Universities
 The church wanted better-educated clergy.
 Royal rulers needed literate men.
 ACADEMIC GUILDS:
 By the 11oos, schools had sprung up around
the great cathedral schools to train the
clergy.
 Cathedral schools were organized like guilds
with charters to protect the rights of
members and set standards for training.
 Salerno and Bologna in Italy boasted the
first universities.
 Soon Paris and Oxford had theirs.
“New” Learning
 HOW LEARNING SPREAD:
 Learning stared to spread when Muslim
scholars translated the works of Aristotle
and other Greek thinkers.
 Jewish scholars translated these works into
Latin, language of Christian European
scholars.
 By the 1100s, these translations swept into
Western Europe which set off the revolution
in the world of learning.
 HOW CHRISTIANS INTERPRET
ARISTOTLE’S PHILOSOPHICAL
IDEAS:(scholasticism)
 Christians interpreted Aristotle’s
Science and Math
 HOW CHRISTIANS VIEWED SCIENCE:
 Christians viewed science by studying
Hippo crates on medicine and Euclid on
geometry, along with works by Arab
scientist.
 They saw how Aristotle had used
observation and experimentation to study
the physical world.
 Scientist made little progress in Middle
Ages because most scholars still believed
that all true knowledge must fit with
church teachings.
 Europeans adopted Hindu- Arabic
Medieval Literature
 VERNACULAR:
 Latin was the language of scholars and churchmen
but their new writings began to appear in the
vernacular, or the everyday languages of ordinary
people, such as French, German, and Italian.
 HEROIC EPICS:(famous works)
 Heroic epics(famous works) were started when people
began writing down oral traditions in the
vernacular.
 Chansons de geste, “ a song of heroic deed. The most
popular was the song of Rowland, which praises the
courage of one of Charlemagne’s knights who died
while on a military campaign in Muslim Spain,
Spain’s great epic, Poem of the cid, the battle against
Muslim forces. The Cid was Rodrigo Diaz, a bold and
fiery Christian lord who battled Muslims in Spain.
Architecture and Art
 THE FLYING BUTTRESSES:
 The flying buttresses was a stone support
on the outside of a building that allowed
builders to construct higher walls and leave
space for large stained- glass windows.
 ILLUMINATION:
 Illumination was an artistic decoration in
books.