Transcript Chapter 9 - MsRodolicoHistory

Group 4
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I. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Nobles and the Church had as much-or
more-power as the monarch.
Both Nobles and the Church had their own
courts, collected their own taxes, and
fielded their own armies.
Monarchs used various means to centralize
power. They expanded the royal domain
and set up a system of royal justice that
undermined feudal or Church courts.
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II. Strong Monarchs in England
During the early Middle Ages, Angles, Saxons,
and Vikings invaded and settled in England,
Although feudalism developed, English rulers
generally kept their kingdoms united.
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III. Evolving Traditions of English
Government
Most battles developed as a result of efforts
by the monarch to raise taxes or to impose
royal authority over traditional feudal
rights.
Out of those struggles evolved traditions of
government that would influence the
modern world.
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IV. Successful Monarchs in France
Unlike William the Conqueror in England,
monarchs in France did not rule over a unified
kingdom.
The Capetians- In 987, these feudal nobles
elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the
vacant throne.
Philip Augustus- An outstanding French king of
this period was Philip II, often called Philip
Augustus.
Louis IX, King and Saint- Perhaps the most
admired French ruler of this time was Louis IX.
Louis was ascended in the throne in 1226.
Section 2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
The Holy Roman Empire
-936 Duke Otto of Saxony took the title King of Germany
-He worked closely with the Church and was crowned emperor by a
pope
- His successors took the title Holy Roman emperor , holy because they
were crowned be a pope and Roman because they believed that their
ancestors were the Roman emperors
- They had claimed authority over much of eastern and central Europe and
parts of France and Italy
- Their challenge was to control their vassals – hundreds of nobles and
Church officials
- Another problem was that they had a conflict with the
popes over the appointment of Church officials
Duke Otto I of Saxony
Conflict Between Popes and Bishops
A. Pope Gregory VII
- determined to make the Church independent of
secular rulers
- banned lay investiture – the creation of bishops
by anyone who is not a member of the clergy
B. Emperor Henry IV
- argued that since he was overlord, that he
should be entitled to give the people the symbols of
office
C. The Struggle Intensifies
- Gregory excommunicated Henry and crowned a new emperor
- Henry appeared to Gregory as a repentant sinner and Gregory had
no choice but to forgive him as a priest
- Henry took revenge and exiled the pope
D. Concordat of Worms
- Treaty that in which both sides agreed that the Church had the sole
power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority and the
emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs
The Struggle for Italy
A. Frederick Barbarossa
- Tried to take wealthy cities of northern Italy under his
control
- However, he succeed in arranging a marriage between his
son, Henry, and Constance, heiress on Sicily and southern
Italy
B. Frederick II
- son of Henry and Constance, he pursued his ambitions in
Italy
- tried but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy
C. Effects on Germany and Italy
- German nobles became more independent because Frederick II
spent little time in Germany and was embroiled in Italy
- The Holy Roman Empire survived, but it remained fragmented
into many feudal states
- In southern Italy and Sicily, the popes turned to the French to
overthrow Frederick’s heirs
The Height of the Church
-Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other
rulers
-Innocent excommunicated a king and placed his
kingdom under interdict
-He did the same to Philip II as he tried unlawfully to
annul – invalidate – his marriage
- Innocent launched a crusade – a holy war – against
the Albigensians
SECTION 3
Europeans Look
Outward
The World in 1050
•During
Europe’s middle ages, Islam had given
rise to a brilliant new civilization that
stretched from Spain to India.
•The Chinese made amazing advances in
technology, inventing paper, printing, and gun
powder.
The Crusades
•At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban
incited boshops and nobles to action.
•Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe
and perhaps heal the schism, or split, between
the roman and Byzantine
•Only
the first crusade came close to achieving its
goals.
•Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.
•The crusades continued, on and off, for over 200 yrs.
•1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader
Salah-Din.
•3rd crusade Europeans tried but failed to retake
Jerusalem.
•1291, they captured the last Christian outpost, the
port city of Acre.
Effects of the Crusades on Europe
•The
crusade left behind a bitter legacy of religious
hatred behind them.
•Though
the Crusades failed to conquer the Holy
Land, they did have significant effects on life in
Europe.
Economic Expansion
•The
crusades increased trade.
•It furthered encouraged the growth of a money
economy.
The Reconquista in Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella
•Isabella
and Ferdinand tried to impose unity on
their diverse people.
•Isabella ended the policy of religious toleration
that is a policy of allowing people to worship as
they choose.
Section 4
Learning, Literature, and
the Arts
Medieval Universities
Academic Guilds
 - Students could travel from university to university, -Cathedrals
evolved into Universities
 studying
 Law in Bologna, Medicine in Montpellier, or Theology/Religion
 In Paris.
Student Life.
 -Students would wake up at 5am for prayers. Then has classes
 Until 10am.
 -Classes were held in either rented rooms or the choir loft.
 - Students would take an oral exam to show they mastered
 A subject; Earning a bachelors degree took between 3 and 6
 Years.
Woman and Education
 -Woman weren’t aloud to attend universities.
Europeans Acquire “New” Learning
Spread of Learning
 -Muslims founded Arabic language.
Philosophy
 -Used ‘Scholasticism’ to support Christian beliefs.
 -Conflict between faith and reason.
Science and Mathematics
 -Did not make it far in Medieval Ages because most
 People stilled believed that all science had a church
 Reason.
Medieval Literature
Heroic Epics
 -Chansons de geste
 -Song of Roland
 -Poem of the Child
Dante’s Divine Comedy
 -Written by an Italian Poet named Dante Alighieri
 -About souls awaiting forgiveness
 -Believes that peoples actions determine there fate
 After death.
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
 -Geoffrey Chaucer follows a band of Pilgrims traveling
 To Thomas Becket’s tomb.
Architecture and Art
Romanesque Strength
 -Looked like fortresses with thick walls and
 And towers.
 -Dark and gloomy.
 -Walls were extremely thick and heavy.
Gothic Grace
 -Used flying buttresses.
 -Higher walls with huge stain windows.
Art in Stone and Glass
 -Portrayed scenes from the bible in the inside
 And outside of the church.
 -Also images like animals and plants.
 -The stain glass and carvings served as a religious
 Education for the people, most of whom were illiterate.
Illuminated Manuscripts
 -The artistic decoration of books.
 -Monks, nuns, and other skilled artisans had illuminated
 Books.
 -Characteristics of the new Gothic style of churches included bold,
 Brilliant colors and decorative detail.
Ch.9; Section 4 /Vocab.
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Scholasticism- Used reason to support Christian Beliefs.
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Vernacular- Everyday languages of ordinary people.
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Epics- Long narrative poems about tales of common people or feudal warriors.
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Flying Buttresses- Stone supports that stood outside the Gothic church.
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Illumination- The artistic decoration of books.
Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis
I.
A.
The Black Death
Global Epidemic
1.The sickness was bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas on rats.
2.Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new epidemic.
3.Epidemic was an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease.
4.In premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even the homes of the rich and powerful.
B.
Social Upheaval
1.The plague brought terror and bewilderment so some people turned to magic and witchcraft for
cures.
2.They beat themselves with whips to show that they repented their sins.
3.Christians blamed Jews for the plague.
4. In the resulting hysteria, thousands of Jews were slaughtered.
C.
Economic Effects
1.As the cost of labor soared, inflation, or rising prices, broke out too.
2.Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit wages
3.To stop costs, landowners converted croplands to sheep raising.
4.Villagers forced off the land in towns.
a. guilds limited apprenticeships
b. they refused to accept new members
Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis
II. Upheaval in the Church
A. Divisions within the Catholic Church
1. Church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this time.
2. Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon and it remained for 70 yrs under
French domination.
3. This period is often called the Babylonian captivity of the Church.
4. There was a schism or split in the Churches as two and sometimes even 3 popes
claimed to be the true “vicar of Christ”.
B.
New Heresies
1. In England, John Wycliffe an Oxford professor attached Church corruption.
a. he believed that the bible, not the Church was the source of all Christian truth.
b. his followers translate the bible to English so people could read it themselves, rather
than the clergy.
2. Church responded by persecuting Wycliffe and his followers and suppressing the
Hussites.
3. Hus was tried for preaching heresy.
a. he was found guilty and he was burned at the stake in 1415.
III. The Hundred Years’ War
A. Causes
1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of their Norman
ancestors.
Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis
III. The Hundred Years’ War
A. Causes
2. Fighting started economic rivalry and a growing sense of
national pride made it hard for either side to give up the struggle.
3. When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337,
war erupted a new between these rival powers.
B. English Victories
1. English won a string of victories.
2. They owed much of their success to longbow wielded by English
archers.
3. English victories took a heavy toll on French morale. It brought
France under its control.
III.
C.
D.
Chapter 9 Section 5 – A Time of Crisis
The Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc and French Victory
1. A 17 yr old peasant woman, Joan of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles VII,
the uncrowned king of France.
a. told Charles that God had sent her to save France.
b. she led the French to several victories and planted the seeds for future
triumphs.
Effects
1. The Hundred Year War created growing sense of national feeling in France and
allowed French kings to expand their power.
2. The longbow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance on the
battlefield and undermined the value of armored knights.
3. Feudal society was changing.
4. Monarchs needed large armies to fight wars.
THE
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